CHAPTER 14. Concerning The Ten Plagues Which Came Upon The Egyptians.
1. But when the king despised the words of Moses, and had no regard at all to them, grievous plagues seized the Egyptians; every one of which I will describe, both because no such plagues did ever happen to any other nation as the Egyptians now felt, and because I would demonstrate that Moses did not fail in any one thing that he foretold them; and because it is for the good of mankind, that they may learn this caution—Not to do anything that may displease God, lest he be provoked to wrath, and avenge their iniquities upon them. For the Egyptian river ran with bloody water at the command of God, insomuch that it could not be drunk, and they had no other spring of water neither; for the water was not only of the color of blood, but it brought upon those that ventured to drink of it, great pains and bitter torment. Such was the river to the Egyptians; but it was sweet and fit for drinking to the Hebrews, and no way different from what it naturally used to be. As the king therefore knew not what to do in these surprising circumstances, and was in fear for the Egyptians, he gave the Hebrews leave to go away; but when the plague ceased, he changed his mind again, end would not suffer them to go. 25
2. But when God saw that he was ungrateful, and upon the ceasing of this calamity would not grow wiser, he sent another plague upon the Egyptians:—An innumerable multitude of frogs consumed the fruit of the ground; the river was also full of them, insomuch that those who drew water had it spoiled by the blood of these animals, as they died in, and were destroyed by, the water; and the country was full of filthy slime, as they were born, and as they died: they also spoiled their vessels in their houses which they used, and were found among what they eat and what they drank, and came in great numbers upon their beds. There was also an ungrateful smell, and a stink arose from them, as they were born, and as they died therein. Now, when the Egyptians were under the oppression of these miseries, the king ordered Moses to take the Hebrews with him, and be gone. Upon which the whole multitude of the frogs vanished away; and both the land and the river returned to their former natures. But as soon as Pharaoh saw the land freed from this plague, he forgot the cause of it, and retained the Hebrews; and, as though he had a mind to try the nature of more such judgments, he would not yet suffer Moses and his people to depart, having granted that liberty rather out of fear than out of any good consideration.
3. Accordingly, God punished his falseness with another plague, added to the former; for there arose out of the bodies of the Egyptians an innumerable quantity of lice, by which, wicked as they were, they miserably perished, as not able to destroy this sort of vermin either with washes or with ointments. At which terrible judgment the king of Egypt was in disorder, upon the fear into which he reasoned himself, lest his people should be destroyed, and that the manner of this death was also reproachful, so that he was forced in part to recover himself from his wicked temper to a sounder mind, for he gave leave for the Hebrews themselves to depart. But when the plague thereupon ceased, he thought it proper to require that they should leave their children and wives behind them, as pledges of their return; whereby he provoked God to be more vehemently angry at him, as if he thought to impose on his providence, and as if it were only Moses, and not God, who punished the Egyptians for the sake of the Hebrews: for he filled that country full of various sorts of pestilential creatures, with their various properties, such indeed as had never come into the sight of men before, by whose means the men perished themselves, and the land was destitute of husbandmen for its cultivation; but if any thing escaped destruction from them, it was killed by a distemper which the men underwent also.
4. But when Pharaoh did not even then yield to the will of God, but, while he gave leave to the husbands to take their wives with them, yet insisted that the children should be left behind, God presently resolved to punish his wickedness with several sorts of calamities, and those worse than the foregoing, which yet had so generally afflicted them; for their bodies had terrible boils, breaking forth with blains, while they were already inwardly consumed; and a great part of the Egyptians perished in this manner. But when the king was not brought to reason by this plague, hail was sent down from heaven; and such hail it was, as the climate of Egypt had never suffered before, nor was it like to that which falls in other climates in winter time, 26 but was larger than that which falls in the middle of spring to those that dwell in the northern and north-western regions. This hail broke down their boughs laden with fruit. After this a tribe of locusts consumed the seed which was not hurt by the hail; so that to the Egyptians all hopes of the future fruits of the ground were entirely lost.
5. One would think the forementioned calamities might have been sufficient for one that was only foolish, without wickedness, to make him wise, and to make him Sensible what was for his advantage. But Pharaoh, led not so much by his folly as by his wickedness, even when he saw the cause of his miseries, he still contested with God, and willfully deserted the cause of virtue; so he bid Moses take the Hebrews away, with their wives and children, to leave their cattle behind, since their own cattle were destroyed. But when Moses said that what he desired was unjust, since they were obliged to offer sacrifices to God of those cattle, and the time being prolonged on this account, a thick darkness, without the least light, spread itself over the Egyptians, whereby their sight being obstructed, and their breathing hindered by the thickness of the air, they died miserably, and under a terror lest they should be swallowed up by the dark cloud. Besides this, when the darkness, after three days and as many nights, was dissipated, and when Pharaoh did not still repent and let the Hebrews go, Moses came to him and said, "How long wilt thou be disobedient to the command of God? for he enjoins thee to let the Hebrews go; nor is there any other way of being freed from the calamities you are under, unless you do so." But the king angry at what he said, and threatened to cut off his head if he came any more to trouble him these matters. Hereupon Moses said he not speak to him any more about them, for he himself, together with the principal men among the Egyptians, should desire the Hebrews away. So when Moses had said this, he his way.
6. But when God had signified, that with one plague he would compel the Egyptians to let Hebrews go, he commanded Moses to tell the people that they should have a sacrifice ready, and they should prepare themselves on the tenth day of the month Xanthicus, against the fourteenth, [which month is called by the Egyptians Pharmuth, Nisan by the Hebrews; but the Macedonians call it Xanthicus,] and that he should carry the Hebrews with all they had. Accordingly, he having got the Hebrews ready for their departure, and having sorted the people into tribes, he kept them together in one place: but when the fourteenth day was come, and all were ready to depart they offered the sacrifice, and purified their houses with the blood, using bunches of hyssop for that purpose; and when they had supped, they burnt the remainder of the flesh, as just ready to depart. Whence it is that we do still offer this sacrifice in like manner to this day, and call this festival Pascha which signifies the feast of the passover; because on that day God passed us over, and sent the plague upon the Egyptians; for the destruction of the first-born came upon the Egyptians that night, so that many of the Egyptians who lived near the king's palace, persuaded Pharaoh to let the Hebrews go. Accordingly he called for Moses, and bid them be gone; as supposing, that if once the Hebrews were gone out of the country, Egypt should be freed from its miseries. They also honored the Hebrews with gifts; 27 some, in order to get them to depart quickly, and others on account of their neighborhood, and the friendship they had with them.
CHAPTER 15. How The Hebrews Under The Conduct Of Moses Left Egypt.
1. So the Hebrews went out of Egypt, while the Egyptians wept, and repented that they had treated them so hardly.—Now they took their journey by Letopolis, a place at that time deserted, but where Babylon was built afterwards, when Cambyses laid Egypt waste: but as they went away hastily, on the third day they came to a place called Beelzephon, on the Red Sea; and when they had no food out of the land, because it was a desert, they eat of loaves kneaded of flour, only warmed by a gentle heat; and this food they made use of for thirty days; for what they brought with them out of Egypt would not suffice them any longer time; and this only while they dispensed it to each person, to use so much only as would serve for necessity, but not for satiety. Whence it is that, in memory of the want we were then in, we keep a feast for eight days, which is called the feast of unleavened bread. Now the entire multitude of those that went out, including the women and children, was not easy to be numbered, but those that were of an age fit for war, were six hundred thousand.
2. They left Egypt in the month Xanthicus, on the fifteenth day of the lunar month; four hundred and thirty years after our forefather Abraham came into Canaan, but two hundred and fifteen years only after Jacob removed into Egypt. 28 It was the eightieth year of the age of Moses, and of that of Aaron three more. They also carried out the bones of Joesph with them, as he had charged his sons to do.
3. But the Egyptians soon repented that the Hebrews were gone; and the king also was mightily concerned that this had been procured by the magic arts of Moses; so they resolved to go after them. Accordingly they took their weapons, and other warlike furniture, and pursued after them, in order to bring them back, if once they overtook them, because they would now have no pretense to pray to God against them, since they had already been permitted to go out; and they thought they should easily overcome them, as they had no armor, and would be weary with their journey; so they made haste in their pursuit, and asked of every one they met which way they were gone. And indeed that land was difficult to be traveled over, not only by armies, but by single persons. Now Moses led the Hebrews this way, that in case the Egyptians should repent and be desirous to pursue after them, they might undergo the punishment of their wickedness, and of the breach of those promises they had made to them. As also he led them this way on account of the Philistines, who had quarreled with them, and hated them of old, that by all means they might not know of their departure, for their country is near to that of Egypt; and thence it was that Moses led them not along the road that tended to the land of the Philistines, but he was desirous that they should go through the desert, that so after a long journey, and after many afflictions, they might enter upon the land of Canaan. Another reason of this was, that God commanded him to bring the people to Mount Sinai, that there they might offer him sacrifices. Now when the Egyptians had overtaken the Hebrews, they prepared to fight them, and by their multitude they drove them into a narrow place; for the number that pursued after them was six hundred chariots, with fifty thousand horsemen, and two hundred thousand foot-men, all armed. They also seized on the passages by which they imagined the Hebrews might fly, shutting them up 29 between inaccessible precipices and the sea; for there was [on each side] a [ridge of] mountains that terminated at the sea, which were impassable by reason of their roughness, and obstructed their flight; wherefore they there pressed upon the Hebrews with their army, where [the ridges of] the mountains were closed with the sea; which army they placed at the chops of the mountains, that so they might deprive them of any passage into the plain.
4. When the Hebrews, therefore, were neither able to bear up, being thus, as it were, besieged, because they wanted provisions, nor saw any possible way of escaping; and if they should have thought of fighting, they had no weapons; they expected a universal destruction, unless they delivered themselves up to the Egyptians. So they laid the blame on Moses, and forgot all the signs that had been wrought by God for the recovery of their freedom; and this so far, that their incredulity prompted them to throw stones at the prophet, while he encouraged them and promised them deliverance; and they resolved that they would deliver themselves up to the Egyptians. So there was sorrow and lamentation among the women and children, who had nothing but destruction before their eyes, while they were encompassed with mountains, the sea, and their enemies, and discerned no way of flying from them.
5. But Moses, though the multitude looked fiercely at him, did not, however, give over the care of them, but despised all dangers, out of his trust in God, who, as he had afforded them the several steps already taken for the recovery of their liberty, which he had foretold them, would not now suffer them to be subdued by their enemies, to be either made slaves or be slain by them; and, standing in midst of them, he said, "It is not just of us to distrust even men, when they have hitherto well managed our affairs, as if they would not be the same hereafter; but it is no better than madness, at this time to despair of the providence of God, by whose power all those things have been performed he promised, when you expected no such things: I mean all that I have been concerned in for deliverance and escape from slavery. Nay, when we are in the utmost distress, as you see we ought rather to hope that God will succor us, by whose operation it is that we are now in this narrow place, that he may out of such difficulties as are otherwise insurmountable and out of which neither you nor your enemies expect you can be delivered, and may at once demonstrate his own power and his providence over us. Nor does God use to give his help in small difficulties to those whom he favors, but in such cases where no one can see how any hope in man can better their condition. Depend, therefore, upon such a Protector as is able to make small things great, and to show that this mighty force against you is nothing but weakness, and be not affrighted at the Egyptian army, nor do you despair of being preserved, because the sea before, and the mountains behind, afford you no opportunity for flying, for even these mountains, if God so please, may be made plain ground for you, and the sea become dry land."
CHAPTER 16. How The Sea Was Divided Asunder For The Hebrews, When They Were Pursued By The Egyptians, And So Gave Them An Opportunity Of Escaping From Them.
1. When Moses had said this, he led them to the sea, while the Egyptians looked on; for they were within sight. Now these were so distressed by the toil of their pursuit, that they thought proper to put off fighting till the next day. But when Moses was come to the sea-shore, he took his rod, and made supplication to God, and called upon him to be their helper and assistant; and said "Thou art not ignorant, O Lord, that it is beyond human strength and human contrivance to avoid the difficulties we are now under; but it must be thy work altogether to procure deliverance to this army, which has left Egypt at thy appointment. We despair of any other assistance or contrivance, and have recourse only to that hope we have in thee; and if there be any method that can promise us an escape by thy providence, we look up to thee for it. And let it come quickly, and manifest thy power to us; and do thou raise up this people unto good courage and hope of deliverance, who are deeply sunk into a disconsolate state of mind. We are in a helpless place, but still it is a place that thou possessest; still the sea is thine, the mountains also that enclose us are thine; so that these mountains will open themselves if thou commandest them, and the sea also, if thou commandest it, will become dry land. Nay, we might escape by a flight through the air, if thou shouldst determine we should have that way of salvation."
2. When Moses had thus addressed himself to God, he smote the sea with his rod, which parted asunder at the stroke, and receiving those waters into itself, left the ground dry, as a road and a place of flight for the Hebrews. Now when Moses saw this appearance of God, and that the sea went out of its own place, and left dry land, he went first of all into it, and bid the Hebrews to follow him along that divine road, and to rejoice at the danger their enemies that followed them were in; and gave thanks to God for this so surprising a deliverance which appeared from him.
3. Now, while these Hebrews made no stay, but went on earnestly, as led by God's presence with them, the Egyptians supposed first that they were distracted, and were going rashly upon manifest destruction. But when they saw that they were going a great way without any harm, and that no obstacle or difficulty fell in their journey, they made haste to pursue them, hoping that the sea would be calm for them also. They put their horse foremost, and went down themselves into the sea. Now the Hebrews, while these were putting on their armor, and therein spending their time, were beforehand with them, and escaped them, and got first over to the land on the other side without any hurt. Whence the others were encouraged, and more courageously pursued them, as hoping no harm would come to them neither: but the Egyptians were not aware that they went into a road made for the Hebrews, and not for others; that this road was made for the deliverance of those in danger, but not for those that were earnest to make use of it for the others' destruction. As soon, therefore, as ever the whole Egyptian army was within it, the sea flowed to its own place, and came down with a torrent raised by storms of wind, 30 and encompassed the Egyptians. Showers of rain also came down from the sky, and dreadful thunders and lightning, with flashes of fire. Thunderbolts also were darted upon them. Nor was there any thing which used to be sent by God upon men, as indications of his wrath, which did not happen at this time, for a dark and dismal night oppressed them. And thus did all these men perish, so that there was not one man left to be a messenger of this calamity to the rest of the Egyptians.
4. But the Hebrews were not able to contain themselves for joy at their wonderful deliverance, and destruction of their enemies; now indeed supposing themselves firmly delivered, when those that would have forced them into slavery were destroyed, and when they found they had God so evidently for their protector. And now these Hebrews having escaped the danger they were in, after this manner, and besides that, seeing their enemies punished in such a way as is never recorded of any other men whomsoever, were all the night employed in singing of hymns, and in mirth. 31 Moses also composed a song unto God, containing his praises, and a thanksgiving for his kindness, in hexameter verse. 32
5. As for myself, I have delivered every part of this history as I found it in the sacred books; nor let any one wonder at the strangeness of the narration if a way were discovered to those men of old time, who were free from the wickedness of the modern ages, whether it happened by the will of God or whether it happened of its own accord;—while, for the sake of those that accompanied Alexander, king of Macedonia, who yet lived, comparatively but a little while ago, the Pamphylian Sea retired and afforded them a passage 33 through itself, had no other way to go; I mean, when it was the will of God to destroy the monarchy of the Persians: and this is confessed to be true by all that have written about the actions of Alexander. But as to these events, let every one determine as he pleases.
6. On the next day Moses gathered together the weapons of the Egyptians, which were brought to the camp of the Hebrews by the current of the sea, and the force of the winds resisting it; and he conjectured that this also happened by Divine Providence, that so they might not be destitute of weapons. So when he had ordered the Hebrews to arm themselves with them, he led them to Mount Sinai, in order to offer sacrifice to God, and to render oblations for the salvation of the multitude, as he was charged to do beforehand.
FOOTNOTES
1 (return)
[ We may here observe, that
in correspondence to Joseph's second dream, which implied that his mother,
who was then alive, as well as his father, should come and bow down to
him, Josephus represents her here as still alive after she was dead, for
the decorum of the dream that foretold it, as the interpretation of the
dream does also in all our copies, Genesis 37:10.]
2 (return)
[ The Septuagint have twenty
pieces of gold; the Testament of Gad thirty; the Hebrew and Samaritan
twenty of silver; and the vulgar Latin thirty. What was the true number
and true sum cannot therefore now be known.]
3 (return)
[ That is, bought it for
Pharaoh at a very low price.]
4 (return)
[ This Potiphar, or, as
Josephus, Petephres, who was now a priest of On, or Heliopolis, is the
same name in Josephus, and perhaps in Moses also, with him who is before
called head cook or captain of the guard, and to whom Joseph was sold. See
Genesis 37:36; 39:1, with 41:50. They are also affirmed to be one and the
same person in the Testament of Joseph, sect. 18, for he is there said to
have married the daughter of his master and mistress. Nor is this a notion
peculiar to that Testament, but, as Dr. Bernard confesses, note on Antiq.
B. II. ch. 4. sect. 1, common to Josephus, to the Septuagint interpreters,
and to other learned Jews of old time.]
5 (return)
[ This entire ignorance of
the Egyptians of these years of famine before they came, told us before,
as well as here, ch. 5. sect. 7, by Josephus, seems to me almost
incredible. It is in no other copy that I know of.]
6 (return)
[ The reason why Symeon
might be selected out of the rest for Joseph's prisoner, is plain in the
Testament of Symeon, viz. that he was one of the bitterest of all Joseph's
brethren against him, sect. 2; which appears also in part by the Testament
of Zabulon, sect. 3.]
7 (return)
[ The coherence seems to me
to show that the negative particle is here wanting, which I have supplied
in brackets, and I wonder none have hitherto suspected that it ought to be
supplied.]
8 (return)
[ Of the precious balsam of
Judea, and the turpentine, see the note on Antiq. B. VIII. ch. 6. sect.
6.]
9 (return)
[ This oration seems to me
too large, and too unusual a digression, to have been composed by Judas on
this occasion. It seems to me a speech or declamation composed formerly,
in the person of Judas, and in the way of oratory, that lay by him, and
which he thought fit to insert on this occasion. See two more such
speeches or declamations, Antiq. B. VI. ch. 14. sect. 4]
10 (return)
[ In all this speech of
Judas we may observe, that Josephus still supposed that death was the
punishment of theft in Egypt, in the days of Joseph, though it never was
so among the Jews, by the law of Moses.]
11 (return)
[ All the Greek copies of
Josephus have the negative particle here, that Jacob himself was not
reckoned one of the 70 souls that came into Egypt; but the old Latin
copies want it, and directly assure us he was one of them. It is therefore
hardly certain which of these was Josephus's true reading, since the
number 70 is made up without him, if we reckon Leah for one; but if she be
not reckoned, Jacob must himself be one, to complete the number.]
12 (return)
[ Josephus thought that
the Egyptians hated or despised the employment of a shepherd in the days
of Joseph; whereas Bishop Cumberland has shown that they rather hated such
Poehnician or Canaanite shepherds that had long enslaved the Egyptians of
old time. See his Sanchoniatho, p. 361, 362.]
13 (return)
[ Reland here puts the
question, how Josephus could complain of its not raining in Egypt during
this famine, while the ancients affirm that it never does naturally rain
there. His answer is, that when the ancients deny that it rains in Egypt,
they only mean the Upper Egypt above the Delta, which is called Egypt in
the strictest sense; but that in the Delta [and by consequence in the
Lower Egypt adjoining to it] it did of old, and still does, rain
sometimes. See the note on Antiq. B. III. ch. 1. sect. 6.]
14 (return)
[ Josephus supposes that
Joseph now restored the Egyptians their lands again upon the payment of a
fifth part as tribute. It seems to me rather that the land was now
considered as Pharaoh's land, and this fifth part as its rent, to be paid
to him, as he was their landlord, and they his tenants; and that the lands
were not properly restored, and this fifth part reserved as tribute only,
till the days of Sesostris. See Essay on the Old Testament, Append. 148,
149.]
15 (return)
[ As to this encomium upon
Joseph, as preparatory to Jacob's adopting Ephraim and Manasses into his
own family, and to be admitted for two tribes, which Josephus here
mentions, all our copies of Genesis omit it, ch. 48.; nor do we know
whence he took it, or whether it be not his own embellishment only.]
16 (return)
[ As to the affliction of
Abraham's posterity for 400 years, see Antiq. B. I. ch. 10. sect. 3; and
as to what cities they built in Egypt, under Pharaoh Sesostris, and of
Pharaoh Sesostris's drowning in the Red Sea, see Essay on the Old
Testament, Append. p. 132-162.]
17 (return)
[ Of this building of the
pyramids of Egypt by the Israelites, see Perizonius Orig. Aegyptiac, ch.
21. It is not impossible they might build one or more of the small ones;
but the larger ones seem much later. Only, if they be all built of stone,
this does not so well agree with the Israelites' labors, which are said to
have been in brick, and not in stone, as Mr. Sandys observes in his
Travels. p. 127, 128.]
18 (return)
[ Dr. Bernard informs us
here, that instead of this single priest or prophet of the Egyptians,
without a name in Josephus, the Targum of Jonathan names the two famous
antagonists of Moses, Jannes and Jambres. Nor is it at all unlikely that
it might be one of these who foreboded so much misery to the Egyptians,
and so much happiness to the Israelites, from the rearing of Moses.]
19 (return)
[ Josephus is clear that
these midwives were Egyptians, and not Israelites, as in our other copies:
which is very probable, it being not easily to be supposed that Pharaoh
could trust the Israelite midwives to execute so barbarous a command
against their own nation. (Consult, therefore, and correct hence our
ordinary copies, Exodus 1:15, 22.) And, indeed, Josephus seems to have had
much completer copies of the Pentateuch, or other authentic records now
lost, about the birth and actions of Moses, than either our Hebrew,
Samaritan, or Greek Bibles afford us, which enabled him to be so large and
particular about him.]
20 (return)
[ Of this grandfather of
Sesostris, Ramestes the Great, who slew the Israelite infants, and of the
inscription on his obelisk, containing, in my opinion, one of the oldest
records of mankind, see Essay on the Old Test. Append. p. 139, 145, 147,
217-220.]
21 (return)
[ What Josephus here says
of the beauty of Moses, that he was of a divine form, is very like what
St. Stephen says of the same beauty; that Moses was beautiful in the sight
of Acts 7:20.]
22 (return)
[ This history of Moses,
as general of the Egyptians against the Ethiopians, is wholly omitted in
our Bibles; but is thus by Irenaeus, from Josephus, and that soon after
his own age:—"Josephus says, that when Moses was nourished in the
palace, he was appointed general of the army against the Ethiopians, and
conquered them, when he married that king's daughter; because, out of her
affection for him, she delivered the city up to him." See the Fragments of
Irenaeus, ap. edit. Grab. p. 472. Nor perhaps did St. Stephen refer to any
thing else when he said of Moses, before he was sent by God to the
Israelites, that he was not only learned in all the wisdom of the
Egyptians, but was also mighty in words and in deeds, Acts 7:22.]
23 (return)
[ Pliny speaks of these
birds called ibes; and says, "The Egyptians invoked them against the
serpents," Hist. Nat. B. X. ch. 28. Strabo speaks of this island Meroe,
and these rivers Astapus and Astaboras, B. XVI. p. 771, 786; and B XVII.
p. 82].]
24 (return)
[ This superstitious fear
of discovering the name with four letters, which of late we have been used
falsely to pronounce Jehovah, but seems to have been originally pronounced
Jahoh, or Jao, is never, I think, heard of till this passage of Josephus;
and this superstition, in not pronouncing that name, has continued among
the Rabbinical Jews to this day [though whether the Samaritans and
Caraites observed it so early, does not appear]. Josephus also durst not
set down the very words of the ten commandments, as we shall see
hereafter, Antiq. B. III. ch. 5. sect. 4, which superstitious silence I
think has yet not been continued even by the Rabbins. It is, however, no
doubt but both these cautious concealments were taught Josephus by the
Pharisees, a body of men at once very wicked and very superstitious.]
25 (return)
[ Of this judicial
hardening the hearts and blinding the eyes of wicked men, or infatuating
them, as a just punishment for their other willful sins, to their own
destruction, see the note on Antiq. B. VII. ch. 9. sect. 6.]
26 (return)
[ As to this winter or
spring hail near Egypt and Judea, see the like on thunder and lightning
there, in the note on Antiq. B. VI. ch. 5. sect. 6.]
27 (return)
[ These large presents
made to the Israelites, of vessels of and vessels of gold, and raiment,
were, as Josephus truly calls them, gifts really given them; not lent
them, as our English falsely renders them. They were spoils required, not
of them, Genesis 15:14; Exodus 3:22; 11:2; Psalm 105:37,] as the same
version falsely renders the Hebrew word Exodus 12:35, 36. God had ordered
the Jews to demand these as their pay and reward, during their long and
bitter slavery in Egypt, as atonements for the lives of the Egyptians, and
as the condition of the Jews' departure, and of the Egyptians' deliverance
from these terrible judgments, which, had they not now ceased, they had
soon been all dead men, as they themselves confess, ch. 12. 33. Nor was
there any sense in borrowing or lending, when the Israelites were finally
departing out of the land for ever.]
28 (return)
[ Why our Masorete copy so
groundlessly abridges this account in Exodus 12:40, as to ascribe 430
years to the sole peregrination of the Israelites in Egypt, when it is
clear even by that Masorete chronology elsewhere, as well as from the
express text itself, in the Samaritan, Septuagint, and Josephus, that they
sojourned in Egypt but half that time,--and that by consequence, the other
half of their peregrination was in the land of Canaan, before they came
into Egypt,--is hard to say. See Essay on the Old Testament, p. 62, 63.]
29 (return)
[ Take the main part of
Reland's excellent note here, which greatly illustrates Josephus, and the
Scripture, in this history, as follows: "[A traveller, says Reland, whose
name was] Eneman, when he returned out of Egypt, told me that he went the
same way from Egypt to Mount Sinai, which he supposed the Israelites of
old traveled; and that he found several mountainous tracts, that ran down
towards the Red Sea. He thought the Israelites had proceeded as far as the
desert of Etham, Exodus 13:20, when they were commanded by God to return
back, Exodus 14:2, and to pitch their camp between Migdol and the sea; and
that when they were not able to fly, unless by sea, they were shut in on
each side by mountains. He also thought we might evidently learn hence,
how it might be said that the Israelites were in Etham before they went
over the sea, and yet might be said to have come into Etham after they had
passed over the sea also. Besides, he gave me an account how he passed
over a river in a boat near the city Suez, which he says must needs be the
Heroopolia of the ancients, since that city could not be situate any where
else in that neighborhood." As to the famous passage produced here by Dr.
Bernard, out of Herodotus, as the most ancient heathen testimony of the
Israelites coming from the Red Sea into Palestine, Bishop Cumberland has
shown that it belongs to the old Canaanite or Phoenician shepherds, and
their retiring out of Egypt into Canaan or Phoenicia, long before the days
of Moses. Sanchoniatho, p. 374, &c.]
30 (return)
[ Of these storms of wind,
thunder, and lightning, at this drowning of Pharaoh's army, almost wanting
in our copies of Exodus, but fully extant in that of David, Psalm
77:16-18, and in that of Josephus here, see Essay on the Old Test. Append.
p. 15,1, 155.]
31 (return)
[ What some have here
objected against this passage of the Israelites over the Red Sea, in this
one night, from the common maps, viz. that this sea being here about
thirty miles broad, so great an army could not pass over it in so short a
time, is a great mistake. Mons. Thevenot, an authentic eye-witness,
informs us, that this sea, for about five days' journey, is no where more
than about eight or nine miles over-cross, and in one place but four or
five miles, according to De Lisle's map, which is made from the best
travelers themselves, and not copied from others. What has been further
objected against this passage of the Israelites, and drowning of the
Egyptians, being miraculous also, viz. that Moses might carry the
Israelites over at a low tide without any miracle, while yet the
Egyptians, not knowing the tide so well as he, might be drowned upon the
return of the tide, is a strange story indeed! That Moses, who never had
lived here, should know the quantity and time of the flux and reflux of
the Red Sea better than the Egyptians themselves in its neighborhood! Yet
does Artapanus, an ancient heathen historian, inform us, that this was
what the more ignorant Memphites, who lived at a great distance,
pretended, though he confesses, that the more learned Heliopolitans, who
lived much nearer, owned the destruction of the Egyptians, and the
deliverance of the Israelites, to have been miraculous: and De Castro, a
mathematician, who surveyed this sea with great exactness, informs us,
that there is no great flux or reflux in this part of the Red Sea, to give
a color to this hypothesis; nay, that at the elevation of the tide there
is little above half the height of a man. See Essay on the Old Test.
Append. p. 239, 240. So vain and groundless are these and the like
evasions and subterfuges of our modern sceptics and unbelievers, and so
certainly do thorough inquiries and authentic evidence disprove and
confute such evasions and subterfuges upon all occasions.]
32 (return)
[ What that hexameter
verse, in which Moses's triumphant song is here said to be written,
distinctly means, our present ignorance of the old Hebrew metre or measure
will not let us determine. Nor does it appear to me certain that even
Josephus himself had a distinct notion of it, though he speaks of several
sort of that metre or measure, both here and elsewhere. Antiq. B. IV. ch.
8. sect. 44; and B. VII. ch. 12. sect. 3.]
33 (return)
[ Take here the original
passages of the four old authors that still remain, as to this transit of
Alexander the Great over the Pamphylian Sea: I mean, of Callisthenes,
Strabu, Arrian, and Appian. As to Callisthenes, who himself accompanied
Alexander in this expedition, Eustathius, in his Notes on the third Iliad
of Homer, [as Dr. Bernard here informs us,] says, That "this Callisthenes
wrote how the Pamphylian Sea did not only open a passage for Alexander,
but, by rising and did pay him homage as its king." Strabo's is this
[Geog. B. XIV. p. 666]: "Now about Phaselis is that narrow passage, by the
sea-side, through which his army. There is a mountain called Climax,
adjoins to the Sea of Pamphylia, leaving a narrow passage on the shore,
which, in calm weather, is bare, so as to be passable by travelers, but
when the sea overflows, it is covered to a great degree by the waves. Now
then, the ascent by the mountains being round about and steep, in still
weather they make use of the road along the coast. But Alexander fell into
the winter season, and committing himself chiefly to fortune, he marched
on before the waves retired; and so it happened that were a whole day in
journeying over it, and were under water up to the navel." Arrian's
account is this [B. I. p. 72, 73]: "Alexander removed from Phaselis, he
sent some part his army over the mountains to Perga; which road the
Thracians showed him. A difficult way it was, but short. He himself
conducted those that were with him by the sea-shore. This road is
impassable at any other time than when the north wind blows; but if the
south wind prevail, there is no passing by the shore. Now at this time,
after strong south winds, a north wind blew, and that not without the
Divine Providence, [as both he and they that were with him supposed,] and
afforded him an easy and quick passage." Appian, when he compares Cæsar
and Alexander together, [De Bel. Civil. B. II. p. 522,] says, "That they
both depended on their boldness and fortune, as much as on their skill in
war. As an instance of which, Alexander journeyed over a country without
water, in the heat of summer, to the oracle of [Jupiter] Hammon, and
quickly passed over the Bay of Pamphylia, when, by Divine Providence, the
sea was cut off—thus Providence restraining the sea on his account,
as it had sent him rain when he traveled [over the desert]." N. B.—Since,
in the days of Josephus, as he assures us, all the more numerous original
historians of Alexander gave the account he has here set down, as to the
providential going back of the waters of the Pamphylian Sea, when he was
going with his army to destroy the Persian monarchy, which the fore-named
authors now remaining fully confirm, it is without all just foundation
that Josephus is here blamed by some late writers for quoting those
ancient authors upon the present occasion; nor can the reflections of
Plutarch, or any other author later than Josephus, be in the least here
alleged to contradict him. Josephus went by all the evidence he then had,
and that evidence of the most authentic sort also. So that whatever the
moderns may think of the thing itself, there is hence not the least color
for finding fault with Josephus: he would rather have been much to blame
had he omitted these quotations.]