INDEX

Advertisements of Indian servants in colonial times, 49, n.
Aladdin oven, 215.
Alsop, George, on condition of redemptioners in Maryland, 25.
American Economic Association, assistance of, in obtaining statistics, preface, vii.
American domestic employees, dislike of, of competition with foreign born and negro elements, 147.
American Statistical Association, assistance of, in obtaining statistics, preface, vii.
Anburey, Thomas, on effect of slavery upon people of the South, 52, n.
Anti-slavery agitation, new occupations for women opened by, 11, 12.
Apartment house, a necessary evil at the present time, 191, 229.
Aristocracy, yielding of, to democracy, 227.
Arusmont, Madame d’, on influence of democratic spirit upon domestic employees in America, 60.
Atwater, W. O., investigations of, in chemistry of foods, 261, n.
Australia, domestic service in, 128, n.
Babeau, A., Les artisans et les domestiques d’autrefois, 289, n., 290, n., 291, n., 296, n.
Bacon, Alice M., on domestic service in Japan, 148, n., 209.
Bacon, Francis, protest of, against transportation of convicts to America, 18, 19, n.
Bakers, colonial laws in Virginia to punish pilfering of, 32, n.
Baking done out of the house in Europe, 280.
Bateman, A. E., on wages in domestic service in England, 294, n.
Batman, Margery, wages of, 29.
Bellamy, Edward, on co-operative housekeeping, 192.
Berlin, Heimatshaus für Mädchen, 300, n.;
Sonntags-Verein, 300, n.
Bienaymé, G., Le Coût de la vie à Paris, 288, n., 291, n., 293, n.
Billon, M., on benefit of profit sharing, 238.
Bird, Isabella, on difficulty of procuring good servants, 58, 59.
Boarding, co-operative, 191, 192.
Booth, Charles, on domestic service in London, 128, n., 282, n., 286, n., 287, n., 289, n., 292, n., 294, n., 298, n., 299, n.
Boston, poor service in 1636 in, 35.
Boston, negro servants in, about 1700, 51, n.
Boston Health Food Company, bread made by, 213, n.
Boston Oriental Tea Company, 216.
Boston Women’s Educational and Industrial Union, 126, n.
Boston Young Women’s Christian Association, employment bureau of, 116, n., 126, n.
Bouniceau-Gesmon, Domestiques et maîtres, 290, n., 291, n., 296, n.
Braddon, M. E., on domestic service in England, 128.
Bradford, Governor, his use of word “servant,” 69, n.
Braun, Otto, on legal relations between employer and employee in Germany, 281, n., 282, n.
Bread, made better and more scientifically out of the home, 213.
Breck, Samuel, purchase of redemptioners by, 20, n.;
on wages paid to redemptioners by, 29;
on scarcity of good servants, 1817, 58.
Bruce, P. A., on legal prohibition of introduction of English criminals into colonies, 19, n.
Bulley, Amy, on domestic service in England, 128.
Bushill, Mr., of Coventry, England, on benefit of profit sharing, 238.
Butler, James D., on “British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies,” 18, n., 302, n.
Butlers, average wages of, statistics, 89, 94-96.
Cambridge, Mass., Co-operative Housekeeping Association, 187, 188.
Camping, prevalence of, has increased demand for prepared articles of food, 216.
Canadians, Irish in factories displaced by, 11;
number of, in the United States, 78;
in domestic service, 79.
Cap and apron, as badge of servitude, 157, 210;
not mark of attainment or desire for neatness, 157, 209;
not necessarily badge of servitude, 209, 210;
regulations for wearing should be reasonable, 210.
Carroll, Lewis, on preaching to servants, 299, n.
Caterers, services of, growing in demand, 217.
Chambermaids, average wages of, statistics, 89, 94-97.
Chambermaids and waitresses, average wages of, statistics, 89, 94-96.
Charleston, S.C., Employment Bureau, 173, n.
Cheese, manufacture of, transferred from home to factories, 215.
Chevalier, Michel, on Sunday privileges of servants, 1839, 58.
Child, Sir Joshua, on benefit to England of shipping convicts to America, 17.
Chinese, in domestic service, number of, 64, n.;
have lowered its social position, 147, n.
Chinese domestics, character of service, 176, n.
Chinese immigration, 64.
Chinese treaty, 1844, effect on domestic service in America, 64.
Choremen, average wages of, statistics, 89, 95, 96.
Christian name, use of, in case of domestic employees, 156;
applied to no other class of workers, 156;
implies lack of dignity, 156;
allows unpleasant familiarity, 156;
custom should be abandoned or modified, 209.
Church sales of articles of food, 217.
Cities, majority of foreign born found in, 77, 78;
majority of domestic employees found in, 83;
manufacturing, have smallest relative number of domestic employees, 84.
City life, attraction of, for domestic employees, 83.
Clarke, William, on domestic service in England, 294, n., 298, n.
Clothing, men’s, manufacture of, transferred from the home to business houses, 215.
Clothing, women’s, increase of its manufacture outside the home, 213, 216.
Clubs and societies, among domestic employees, 207.
Coachmen, average wages of, statistics, 89, 94-96.
Coachmen and gardeners, average wages of, statistics, 89, 94-96.
Cobbett, William, on self-respect of servants in America, 1828, 57, 58.
Coffee, roasting of, transferred from the kitchen to business firms, 214.
Coffee, sent hot from Boston to St. Louis, 216, n.
College students, experiments of, in co-operative boarding, 191.
College students, table service performed by, 142.
Collet, C. E., on domestic service in England, 280, n., 286, n., 288, n., 289, n., 290, n., 292, n.
Colletet, F., Le Tracas de Paris quoted, 291, n.
Colonial laws, regarding servants, 22-48;
law in Virginia binding servants coming without indenture, 23, 24;
in North Carolina, 24, n.;
in Maryland, 25, n.;
in West New Jersey, 25, n.;
laws regulating wages, 30, 31;
to prevent pilfering on part of servants, 32;
laws not specifically for household employees, but for all servants, 37;
law to protect servants against ill-treatment from masters, 38-40;
to protect masters, 40-46;
latter more specific, 40;
relate chiefly to runaways, 40;
penalties for harboring runaways, 41-43;
rewards for capture of runaways, 43, 44;
means for prevention of runaways, 44;
laws for infliction of corporal punishment upon servants, 45;
for prevention of bartering with servants, 45, 46;
examples of laws placing oppressive restrictions upon servants, 47;
laws to prohibit freeing servants, 47, 48.
Colonial period of domestic service, see Domestic service.
Colored servants, see Negro domestic employees, Negro slaves.
Competition of other industries with domestic service, 68.
Compulsory insurance adds to wages in Germany and in Belgium, 292.
Concentration of capital and labor, an industrial tendency, 194.
Connecticut, redemptioners in, 20, 28;
instances of troubles with servants in colonial times, 36;
colonial law protecting servants against injury from master, 39, n.;
fixing penalties upon those who harbored runaways, 42;
fixing reward for capturing runaways, 44;
allowing corporal punishment, 45;
to prevent barter with servants, 46;
to prevent freeing of servants, 48.
Contracts, system of, in Germany, 281-283.
Convicts, transported, among the early colonial settlers, 17, 18;
as servants, 19;
term of service, 19.
See also Redemptioners.
“Cook,” as an appellation unobjectionable, 208.
Cooks, average wages of, statistics, 89, 94-97;
receive highest wages, 90;
give better satisfaction than general servants, 91;
social ostracism of, instance, 153, n.;
as skilled workers, should not be called “servants,” 208.
Cooks and laundresses, average wages of, statistics, 89, 94-96.
Co-operation, an industrial tendency, 196.
Co-operation, in the family versus co-operation with other families, 232.
Co-operation, unconscious, characteristic of modern industry, 212;
allowed to operate by having work done out of the house, 226.
Co-operative boarding, 191, 192;
benefits of, 192.
Co-operative housekeeping, 186-193;
Mrs. Peirce’s description of, 186, 187;
advantages, 187;
Rochdale Pioneers, 187;
Cambridge, Mass. Co-operative Housekeeping Association, 187, 188;
weak points, 188-191;
does not allow for weaknesses of human nature, 188-190;
practical difficulties in serving food, 190;
not desired by majority, 190, 191;
“The Roby,” 191;
experiments usually co-operative boarding, simply, 191;
Mr. Bellamy’s scheme of, 192.
Corporal punishment of servants, colonial laws concerning, 45.
Cost of living as affected by specialization of household employments, 230.
Darwin, Mrs. E. W., on domestic service in England, 128, n.
Davenant, Charles, on England’s good fortune in being able to ship convicts to America, 17.
DeFoe, Daniel, Behaviour of Servants, 48, n., 114, 115, 120, n., 128.
Delaware, colonial law fixing reward for capturing runaways, 44.
Democratic spirit, prevalence of, in early part of century, 61;
characteristic of native born servants of early part of century, 61;
revival of, 66, 228.
Desserts, prepared out of the house, 214.
District of Columbia, largest number of domestics employed in, 82.
Division of labor, see Labor, division of.
“Domestic” recommended as substitute for “general servant,” 207.
Domestic employees in early New England, native born and of high character, 11;
their self-respect, 49, n.
Domestic employees in colonial period, see also Convicts, transported, Freewillers, Indians, Negroes, Redemptioners.
Domestic employees, number of, in the United States by latest census, 3;
average wages paid, 3, n., 88, 90-98;
average cost of board for each, 4, n.;
demand for, greater than supply, 14, 125;
democratic spirit of, at the North, 54-60;
in early part of century, difficult to procure, 56, 58, 61;
democratic spirit of, a subject of complaint, 59;
compared with domestic employees in Europe, 59;
causes of democratic spirit, 61;
negro slaves at the South, 61;
changes in kind among, between 1850 and 1870, 62;
introduction of Irish, 62;
of Germans, 63;
of Chinese, 64;
a new social and a new economic element introduced by foreign born domestic employees, 64, 65;
change in kind at the South through abolition of slavery, 65;
lack of political privileges of, in Europe, 72, n.;
mostly of foreign birth, 74-77;
geographical distribution of, in the United States, 76;
number of Irish, 79;
number of German, 79;
number of English, 79;
number of Canadian, 79;
number of Swedish and Norwegian, 79;
few in agricultural and thinly settled states, 80;
relative number large in states containing large cities, 80;
smallest relative number in Oklahoma, 81;
greatest relative number in District of Columbia, New York, Massachusetts, and New Jersey, 82;
relative number unaffected by aggregate wealth of state, 82;
affected by per capita wealth of state, 82;
high relative number in cities, 83;
relative number most affected by prevailing industry, 84, 87, 88;
relative number small in manufacturing towns, 84;
relative number large in the South, 84;
foreign born receive higher wages than native born, 91, 92;
savings, 102, 103;
small number of unemployed, 104, 105;
number in average family, 107;
nationalities represented in schedules forming basis of this work, 108, n.;
foreign born an extraneous element difficult to assimilate into household, 109;
brief tenure of service, 109-112;
ignorance of, 112, 113;
dislike of occupation, 127;
industrial independence of, 130;
other occupations engaged in, 130, n.;
reasons for entering service, 131;
special privileges given, 133, 134;
hours of work, 143;
disadvantages—social deprivations, 152-154;
enforced loneliness, 154, n.;
obnoxious term “servant,” 156;
address by Christian name, 156;
wearing of livery, 157;
servility of manner expected, 158;
ignored socially, 158;
required to obey absurd orders, 158;
degraded by offering of fees, 158-162;
often required to go out at night unprotected, 162;
exposed to contamination in intelligence offices, 162;
do not care to be treated as members of the family, 170-172;
desire opportunity to live their lives in their own way, 172;
their demand for more social opportunities reasonable, 206;
demand cannot be met in private home, 206;
solitary instruction unsatisfactory, 206;
social opportunities more satisfactory if provided by them than for them, 207;
taken from the home of employer through specialization of household employments, 213-234;
independence of, secured through specialization of household employments, 228;
moral education acquired through profit sharing, 247;
benefactions for, in Germany, 300.
See also Hours of work, Wages.
Domestic employments, see Household employments.
Domestic service, “the great American question,” 1;
discussed frequently, in a popular manner, 1;
has been omitted from economic discussion, 2;
omitted from theoretical discussion, 2;
reasons—capital not involved, 2;
no combinations formed, 2;
products of labor transient, 2;
omitted from official statistics because of no demand by public for its investigation, 2, 3;
references to partial discussions, 3, n.;
subject has not been considered historically, 3;
an important question, considering numbers involved, 3;
nature of, has been regarded as personal only, 4;
regarded as an isolated form of industry, 5;
difficulties in domestic service due partly to incomplete division of labor, 15;
three phases of, in America, 16;
in the colonial period, 16-53;
implied social inferiority even more than now, 53;
unsatisfactory to both master and servant, 53;
accompanied by definite legal exactions, 53;
in New England, early part of century, 54;
described by Harriet Martineau, 55, 56;
since 1850, 62-68;
at the North, change of personnel from native born to foreign, 62-65;
at the South, no change till later, 62;
causes of change—Irish famine, 62, 63;
German Revolution, 63, 64;
treaty between United States and China, 1844, 64;
effect of change, lowering of social status, 65;
at the South, condition changed with abolition of slavery, 65;
foreign born domestics introduced, 65;
the employment as affected by development of material resources, 66, 67;
mobility of, 67-69;
new rival occupations to compete with, 68;
changes indicated by history of “servant,” 69-71;
economic phases of domestic service, 74-106;
the occupation includes more foreign born women than any other occupation, 77;
includes majority of foreign born wage-earning women, 77;
employees prefer city to country life, 77, 78, 83;
nationalities most represented, 79;
effect of aggregate wealth of state upon number, 82, 83;
statistics representing effect of locality, 85;
effect of per capita wealth, 86-88;
effect of prevailing industry greatest, 87;
character of service rendered, 91;
wages higher than average wages in other occupations, 93;
average annual earnings, 98;
remuneration compared with that in teaching, 101, 102;
wage limit sooner reached, 103, 104;
offers constant occupation and least loss of time, 104, 105;
free from strikes and combinations, 105;
conforms to economic conditions, 106;
difficulties of employer, 107-129;
not confined to America, 128, 129;
cannot be remedied without economic treatment, 129, 264;
advantages in domestic service, 130-139;
reasons given for entering, 131;
high wages, 132;
healthful occupation, 132;
externals of a home, 133;
free hours and vacations without loss of wages, 134-136;
useful training, 137;
the employment congenial to many, 137;
legal protection in, 138;
legal rights—freedom from physical punishment, sufficient food, support during illness, good character, wages, damages for discharge, 138;
advantages are inherent in the occupation, 139;
summed up, are those of “wages, hours, health, and morals,” 139;
advantages unavailing to attract, 139;
industrial disadvantages, 140-150;
independent of personal relationship, 140;
list of reasons given for not entering service, 140, 141;
little chance for promotion, 141;
lack of stimulus for the efficient and ambitious, 141, 142;
“housework never done,” 142, 143;
lack of organization in housework, 143;
irregularity of working hours, 143-146;
limited free time, 146;
in case of Americans, competition with foreign born and negroes, 146, 147;
strictures on personal independence, 147-149;
summary of industrial disadvantages, 149, 150;
social disadvantages, 151-166, 204-211, 266, 267;
no real home life for employees, 151;
being in a family and not of it, 152;
regulations in regard to visitors necessary, 152;
lack of opportunity to receive or give hospitality, 152;
exclusion from general social life of community, 153;
deprivation of opportunities for personal improvement, 153, 154;
appellation of “servant,” 155;
use of Christian name in address, 156;
requirement of livery, 157;
requirement of servility of manner, 158;
custom of offering fees, 158-162;
lack of protection and exposure to vice, 162;
discrimination according to ordinary social standards not expected, 193, n.;
social inferiority weighs more than anything else against the employment, 163;
other disadvantages, 164;
advantages and disadvantages compared, 165;
latter outweigh former, 166;
remedies adapted to nature of difficulties required, 168;
no panacea, 168;
reform must be in line with industrial progress, 168;
must be an evolution, 168;
cannot be immediate, 168, 169;
real problem of domestic service, 198;
the subject neglected by economic students and writers, 199;
its importance underestimated in public sentiment, 200, 201;
improvement dependent on wider general education and more scientific investigation, 203;
social disadvantages can be removed or modified, 204;
removal of social barriers will remove social ban, 211;
improvement impossible, till housekeeping as a profession advances, 254;
improvement hindered by partial treatment of labor question, 264;
by conservatism of many women, 264, 265;
by tendency of women toward aristocracy, 265;
by tendency to display of wealth, 265, 266;
responsibility of introducing improvement rests on all, 266;
investigation and discussion will result in removal of social stigma, 266, 267;
in removal of work and worker from home of employer, 267;
in placing the employment on a business basis, 268;
in readjustment of work of both men and women, 270;
suggestions as to means of attaining results, 273;
a subject of serious study and investigation in America, 302.
See also Convicts, transported, Freewillers, Redemptioners, Remedies, Wages.
Domestic service in Europe, 275-302;
compared with domestic service in America, 275;
affected by social and political conditions, 276;
affected by domestic architecture, 277;
affected by domestic and social customs, 278;
presents practically the same problems as in America, 278-280;
advantages, 280-294, 300;
baking and washing done out of the house, 280;
requirement of more work in other ways counterbalances this advantage, 281;
system of contracts in Germany, 281-283;
German service-books, 284-286;
large number of men employees, 286-288;
comparative freedom from foreign competition, 286-287;
the result a greater respect among employees for the occupation, 287-288;
apparent cheapness to the employer is deceiving, 288;
low wages supplemented by gifts, fees, “beer-money,” special privileges, compulsory insurance, 289, 292;
disadvantages, 295-302;
long hours of service, 295, n.;
hardness of work, 295, n.;
hardness of life, 295, n.;
social disadvantages, 296-299;
inherits stigma of slavery and serfdom, 296, n.;
tax on men servants in England, 297;
requirement of servility, 297;
rigid class distinctions of employees observed by themselves, 298;
condition in France, 299;
condition in Italy, 299;
disadvantages partly mitigated in Germany by various benefactions, 300;
branded by ridicule in literature and the press, 301;
the subject given no earnest study, 302.
Domestic system, see Home manufactures.
Dresden, home for aged servants in, 300, n.
Dudley, Mrs. Mary Winthrop, description of a refractory servant by, 35.
Earnings of domestic employees, 98.
See also Wages.
Economic discussion of domestic service neglected, 2, 199.
Economic gains from specialization of household employments, 229.
Economic laws, disregard of, by employers of domestic service, 117-122.
Economic phases of domestic service, 74-106.
Economic tendencies, see Industrial tendencies.
Education, views of effect of, on domestic service, 179.
Education in household affairs, 251-262.
Electricity in the household, 9, 232.
“Employer,” use of, for “master” and “mistress,” 207.
Employers, their personal point of view, 4;
difficulties of, 107-129;
assimilation into household of foreign and ignorant employees, 109;
restlessness of domestic employees, 109-112;
ignorance of domestic employees, 112, 113;
the choice of a domestic a lottery, 114-117;
general disregard among employers of economic principles, 117-122;
individual irresponsibility of employers, 121, 122;
difficulties of, increasing, 125, n.;
fewer under certain conditions, 126;
difficulties also in England, Germany, and France, 127;
due to a defective and antiquated system, 129;
individual standpoint of many employers, 170;
each responsible to all, 266.
See also Housekeepers.
Employment Bureau, unsatisfactory, 115-117;
application of profit sharing to, 244.
Employments of men and women need readjustment, 270-272.
England, domestic service in, unsatisfactory, 127, 128.
English custom of using surname for domestics, 157.
English in the United States, number of, 78;
in domestic service, number of, 79.
Ethics of domestic service given too exclusive attention, 167.
Evans, Elizabeth, wages of, 28.
Extravagance of domestics checked through system of profit sharing, 241, 242.
Extravagant habits acquired in domestic service, 150.
Factory system, substituted for the domestic system, 8-15;
agencies which brought about, 8;
released labor from the home, 10;
changed personnel of domestic service, 11;
diverted labor into other channels, 11, 12;
made some labor idle, 12;
produced social prejudice against labor of women for remuneration, 12, 14;
mobility of labor introduced by, 67.
Faithful, Emily, on domestic service in England, 128, n.
Family, average, 107.
Family life marred by introduction of domestics, 171, 172.
Fancy work, as result of idle labor, 12;
George Eliot on, 12, n.;
“intellectual fancy work,” 13.
Feeing, 158-162;
effects of, 159;
humiliates giver and receiver, 159;
creates eye service, 159;
degrades and demoralizes, 159;
excuses offered for, 161, 162;
feeing of a few, brands all domestics as a class, 162, 245;
abolition of feeing, 210;
abolished through adoption of profit sharing, 244, 245.
Fees, offered to no other class of workers, 159;
undemocratic, 159;
brand the recipient socially, 160;
are bribes, 160;
objectionable manner of giving, 160, 161;
given to eke out wages of underpaid employees, 161;
same principle not practised in regard to other underpaid employments, 161;
established customs in regard to them in Europe, 290-291.
Feudge, F. R., Chinese cook quoted by, 148, n.
Flats, custom of living in, makes it desirable to dispense with domestics, 227, 229.
Food, list of articles of, whose preparation outside the home is increasing, 213;
preparation of, out of the house for final application of heat, 214, 215, 219, 220;
prepared for church and missionary sales, 217, n.;
in some cases better if prepared in small quantities, 232.
Foods, chemistry of, 261.
France, domestic service in, unsatisfactory, 129.
Free laborers, indented servants at the North supplanted by, 54.
Freewillers, 19.
French constitutions, 1795 and 1799, right of suffrage denied servants by, 72, n.
Frethorne, Richard, sufferings of indented servants described by, 27.
Fruits, canned, preparation of, outside the home increasing, 213.
Fruits better canned where they grow than after transportation, 220, 221.
Gallatin, Albert, on change from home to factory manufacture of clothing materials, 215.
Gardeners, average wages of, statistics, 89, 94-96.
Gardeners, see Coachmen.
Gas, natural, use of, in the household, 9.
General servant, average wages of, statistics, 89, 94-97.
German immigration, 63.
German redemptioners, 20, 21.
German revolution, 1848, effect of, on domestic service in America, 63.
German service-books, their introduction proposed, 178;
their advantages and disadvantages, 284-286.
Germans in the United States, number of, 78;
in domestic service, number of, 64, n., 79.
Germany, domestic service in, unsatisfactory, 128, 129;
legal relations in, between employer and employee, 281-286;
system of contracts in, 281-283;
benefactions for domestic employees in, 300.
Gifts supplement low wages in Europe, 289, 290.
Gilman, Nicholas Payne, on modern industry, 189;
on profit sharing, 236, 238, 241, 242.
Godkin, E. L., on influence of the Irish cook, 63, n.
Golden rule, application of, inadequate to reform domestic service, 169.
Grattan, Thomas, in praise of American servants, 57, n.;
on scarcity of “help,” 59, 60.
Grund, F. J., on self-respect of American servants, 57.
Hadley, A. T., on social standing in occupations, 163.
Hammond, J., Leah and Rachel, 21, n., 25, 26.
Harvard University Memorial Hall, boarding at, 249.
“Help,” 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 65, 70.
Higginson, Col. Thomas, on children’s dislike of history, 205.
Holidays and half-holidays, 134, 135, 145.
Home industries which are now obsolete, 9, 215, 216.
Home instruction in household affairs inadequate, 258, 259.
Home life secured through specialization of household employments, 220, 226, 228.
Home life, lack of, in domestic service, 151.
Home-made bread, 213.
Home-made men’s clothing the rule in 1810, 215.
Home-made cheese formerly common, 215.
“Homemaker” suggested for “mistress,” 208, n.
Home manufacture of articles of food and clothing decreasing, 213.
Home manufactures superseded by factory system, 8, 215, 216;
may be revived by introduction of electricity into household, 232.
Hotel service, the only kind offering chance of promotion, 141;
advantages of profit sharing in—waste avoided, 244;
feeing abolished, 244, 245.
Hours, free, in domestic service, 134, 145, 146.
Hours of work, varied and irregular, 143-146;
statistics, 144.
Housecleaning, done by specialists, 224.
Household affairs, education in, 251-262;
information regarding conduct of, difficult to obtain, 251, 252;
one cause of slow progress, 252;
kinds of information needed in conduct of, 252, 253;
supplementary special education needed still more, 253;
university education in, 259-262;
results of, removal of social stigma from domestic service, 266, 267;
removal of work and worker from house, 267, 268;
placing of domestic service on business basis, 268.
Household employments, isolation of, 5;
changes introduced by inventions, 7, 9;
lightened by modern improvements, 9;
preferred to other kinds of occupation, 137;
avoided on account of disadvantages, 140, 141;
mistaken idea that results are transient, 142, 143;
the only employments not officially investigated, 198;
importance of, must be better appreciated, 199, 200, 202;
performed without remuneration, honored, performed for remuneration, scorned, 202;
specialization of household employments, 212-234;
preparation of food, 213-221;
takes work from home, 213-234;
opens new occupation to women, 218;
practical instances, 219, n., 220, n., 224, n., 233, n.;
the transference need not lessen individuality of the home, 221, 222;
laundry work, 222, 223;
housecleaning, sweeping, care of rooms, etc., 224;
marketing, 225;
specialization would attract more able women, 226, 227;
would reduce house rent, 228;
would raise standard of work, 228;
would make discrimination possible between skilled and unskilled labor, 228;
a flexible system of co-operation, 229;
adapted to “apartments,” 229;
would lessen monotony of life of employee, 229;
would change personal relation of employer and employee into a business relation, 229;
would elevate drudgery to forms of distinct occupation, 229;
economic gains from, 229;
objections raised to, 230, 231;
found successful by those who have tried it, 233;
household employments as taught in schools, mechanical, 259;
must receive their due respect, 270.
Household sanitation, 261, n.
“Housekeeper,” as substitute for “general servant,” 207, 208, n.
“Housekeeper, Working,” as substitute for “servant,” 156.
Housekeepers, average wages of, statistics, 94-96;
reluctance of some to express dissatisfaction, 124;
convention of, of little avail, 179;
need of technical and scientific training, 200;
need of information and education, 253, 254;
conservatism of many, 264, 265;
responsibility of each to all, 266.
See also Employers.
Housekeeping, small advance made in profession of, 254;
reasons for, 254-258;
belief that instinct supplies the knowledge, 254-256;
belief that men have no active interest in it, 256, 257;
that all women have an interest and need no training, 257, 258;
home instruction in, inadequate, 258, 259;
university education needed, 259-262;
co-operative, see Co-operative housekeeping.
Housework, see Household employments.
Howells, W. D., on feeing, 162, n.
Hygienic advantage in having vegetables prepared out of the house, 214.
Idle labor, 10, 12, 270.
Idleness forced upon women, 202.
Improvement, enlarged opportunities for personal, 197.
Indented servants, see Redemptioners.
Indenture, form of, 22, 23, n.;
included time of service, nature of service and compensation, 22;
cases without, provided for by law, 23;
law of, in Virginia, 23, 24.
Indian Narratives, 20, n.
Indian servants not allowed to travel without a pass, 44.
Indians as servants in New England, 49-51;
advertisements of, 49, n., 50, n.
Industrial changes affecting domestic service in early part of century, 66, 67.
Industrial tendencies—concentration of capital and labor, 194;
specialization of work, 195;
association and combination of workers, 195;
increase of technical training, 195;
co-operation, profit sharing, 196;
entrance of women into business occupations, 196;
estimate of work for its quality rather than for its kind, 197;
official investigation of business relations, 197, 198.
Industries, interdependence of, 15;
some which are now obsolete, 215, 216.
Insurance, Compulsory, see Compulsory insurance.
Intelligence office, see Employment bureau.
Inventions of the 18th century, co-operating influences with, producing factory system, 8;
effect of, on household employments, 10-15.
Irish famine, 1846, effect of, on domestic service in America, 62.
Irish immigration, 62.
Irish immigration in Connecticut, 1764, 20;
in Massachusetts, 1718, 20.
Irish in the United States, number of, 64, n., 78;
in domestic service, 79.
Japan, domestic service in, 148, n.
Japanese custom of addressing employees, 209.
Johnson, Mrs., Captivity, 20, n.
Joynes, E. S., on training in domestic work in Germany, 301, n.
Kalm, Peter, on wages in Pennsylvania, 1748, 29.
Kemble, Fanny, on experience of her white maid in the South, 70, n.
Kent, Chancellor, on legal relation of masters and servants, 138.
Kitchen gardens, object and experience of, 185.
Knight, Madame, on treatment of servants in 1704, 28.
Labor, division of, in women’s work, caused by factory system, 11;
has resulted in unequal distribution of work, 13, 14;
in household employments only partially accomplished, 15;
characteristic of modern industry, 212;
results in greater variety of products, 222.
Labor of women more productive through specialization of household employments, 231, 232.
Labor question, domestic service a part of, 129, 264.
Laundresses, average wages, statistics, 89, 94-97.
See also Cooks.
Laundry work, better done out of the house, 222, 223;
done out of the house in Europe, 280.
Laws protecting domestic employees, 138.
Laws, colonial, see Colonial laws.
Leclaire, M., on knowledge of the workman, 200.
Leclaire, Maison, 237.
Legal relations between employer and employee in Europe, 281-286.
Legal status of domestic employees, 138.
Levasseur, M., on proportion of failures among business firms, 245.
Library strictures in regard to domestic employees, 154, n.
Licenses for domestic employees, 177, 178.
Livery, absence of, in early times at the North, 57, 61.
See also Cap and apron.
Living, cost of, affected by specialization of household employments, 230.
London, domestic service in, 128, n.
London South Metropolitan Gas Company, profit sharing in, 239.
Lowell, J. R., on Indian servants, 51, n.;
on “help,” 55;
on influx of Irish domestic employees, 63.
Lyman, O. E., on legal status of domestic employees, 138, n.
Mackay, Charles, on “help,” 58, n.
“Maid” as substitute for “servant,” 156;
unobjectionable, 208.
Maid-of-all-work, present requirements of, 228.
Maine, high wages of redemptioners in, 28, n.;
instance related by John Winter of unsatisfactory service in, 33, 34.
Maine, Sir Henry Sumner, on equality, 211.
Maison Leclaire, 237.
Manufacturing industries, number of women in, in Massachusetts, 10, n.;
women employees in, largely outnumber men, 10, n.;
greater demand for servants created by increase of, 11;
manufacturing industries utilize ignorant labor, 14;
relative number of domestic employees diminished by, 87.
Marketing, made a specialty by one person for many families, 225, 226.
Martineau, Harriet, on democratic condition of service in America, 55, 56.
Maryland, transported convicts in, 18;
freewillers in, 19;
redemptioners in, 21, 25;
colonial law regulating wages of redemptioners in, 31;
to protect servants in, 38, n.;
concerning runaways in, 41;
concerning those who harbored runaways in, 43;
fixing reward for capturing runaways in, 44;
preventing barter with servants in, 46;
redemptioners who rose to distinction in, 48, n.
Massachusetts, number of women in manufacturing industries in, 10, n.;
redemptioners in, 20;
colonial law concerning wages of redemptioners in, 30;
to protect servants in, 38, n.;
in regard to punishment of servants in, 45;
to prevent barter with servants in, 46;
debarring servants from holding public office in, 47;
concerning wearing apparel of servants in, 47;
prohibiting setting servants free in, 47;
proportion of foreign born domestic employees in, 77;
large relative number of domestic employees in, 82.
Massachusetts Bureau of Labor Statistics, returns from schedules collated by, preface, ix, x.
“Master,” as a term should be abolished, 207.
Matthews, Albert, on fees, 290, n.;
The Terms Hired Man and Help, 302, n.
Meats, stuffed, delivered ready for final application of heat, 214.
Men as domestic employees in Europe, 286-288.
Mercier, L. S., on profits made by servants in France, 291, n.;
on class distinctions among domestic employees, 298, n.
Michigan, University of, women graduates of, assistance of, in obtaining statistics, preface, vii.
“Mistress,” as an appellation should be abolished, 207.
Mitchell, Maria, on woman’s work, 272.
Mobility of labor made possible, 67;
developed to an inconvenient extent, 68.
Morton, Thomas, use of word “servant,” 69, n.
Munby, A. J., Epitaphs of Servants, 55, n.
Music lessons, desire for, ridiculed, 153, n.;
of a domestic, 154, n.
Negro domestic employees, their increase at the North a doubtful remedy for difficulties, 172-175;
unsatisfactory service of, in the South, 173-175;
deteriorating, 174, n.;
character of employees, 175, n.
Negro slavery, influence of, on people of the South, 1778, 52, n.
Negro slaves, not allowed to travel without pass, 44;
in colonial Boston, 51, n.;
in the South, 51, 52.
Neill, E. D., on character of redemptioners, 48, n.
New England, redemptioners in, 20;
high character of domestic employees in early, 54, 57.
See also Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island.
New England Kitchen, Boston, bread made at, 214.
New Jersey, colonial law regulating wages in, 31;
to protect servants in, 38, n., 40;
concerning runaways in, 41;
concerning those who harbored runaways in, 42;
to prevent barter with servants in, 46;
large relative number of domestic employees in, 82.
New York, colonial law concerning wages of redemptioners in, 30;
to protect servants in, 38, n., 39;
concerning those who harbored runaways in, 42;
regarding punishment of servants in, 45;
preventing barter with servants in, 46;
large relative number of domestic employees in, 82.
New Zealand, law providing half-holiday discussed, 135, n.
North, the, introduction into, of more negro domestics a doubtful remedy, 172-175.
North Carolina, colonial law regulating wages of redemptioners in, 30, 31;
to protect servants in, 38, n., 39, 40;
concerning runaways in, 41;
fixing reward for capturing runaways in, 43;
regarding corporal punishment of servants in, 45;
to prevent barter with servants in, 45;
to punish feigning of illness or carrying of arms in, 47;
prohibiting setting a servant free in, 47.
Northbrook, Earl of, footman of, tips received by, 160, n.
Norwegians, in the United States, see Swedes and Norwegians.
Oklahoma, fewest domestics employed in, 81.
Organization in household employments, lack of, an industrial disadvantage, 143.
Oriental Tea Company, Boston, 216, n.
Outlook, on feeing, 162, n.
Parlor maids, average wages of, statistics, 90, 97.
Pea-sheller, 214, n.
Peace Dale Manufacturing Company, 238.
Peirce, Mrs., on co-operative housekeeping, 186-188.
Pennsylvania, transported convicts in, 18, n.;
wages of redemptioners in, 29;
colonial law regulating wages of redemptioners in, 30;
purpose of Act of 1700 regarding servants in, 37;
colonial law to protect servants in, 40;
regarding runaways in, 41;
fixing reward for capturing runaways in, 43;
to prevent barter with servants in, 46;
forbidding innkeepers to trust servants in, 47.
Personal relation between employer and employee usually alone regarded, 4, 167;
changed to business relation through specialization of household employments, 229.
Philadelphia Civic Club, classification of wages by, 268, n.
Placid Club, profit sharing at, 249.
Polly, Mary, indenture of, 23, n., 29.
Poor whites descendants of redemptioners, 49.
Porter, hotel, instance of a fortune acquired by, in fees, 160.
Porters, railway, profit sharing, in case of, advantages—waste avoided, 244;
feeing abolished, 244, 245.
Posseldt, H., on legal relations between employer and employee in Prussia, 281, n., 282, n.
Potter, Bishop, on luxury, 265.
Privileges, special, kinds given to employees, 133, 134.
Profit sharing, an industrial tendency, 196;
defined, 236, 237;
history of, 237;
benefits of, in its trial elsewhere, 237-242;
advantages—develops “group of industrial virtues,” 237;
lessons worry, 238;
checks waste, 238;
identifies interest of employer and employee, 238, 239, 247;
not a loss to employer, 239;
applied to domestic service, 240-250, 268, 269;
secures economy of time, material, appliances, 240, 241;
application, methods of, 242-244;
in case of hotel employees and railway porters, 244, 245;
advantages—waste avoided, feeing abolished, 244, 245;
objections raised to, 245-247;
instances of its trial given, 248-250.
Promotion in domestic service rare except in hotels, 141.
Public schools said to over-educate domestics, 179;
introduction of housework into, advocated by some, 179.
Recommendations of domestic employees unsatisfactory, 114, 115.
Redemptioners, 19-49;
term of service, 19;
probably outnumbered transported convicts, 20;
more in Southern and Middle colonies than in New England, 20;
of English, German, and Irish birth, 20;
not always from lower classes, 21;
methods by which they were obtained and transported, 22;
“spirited away,” 22, n.;
form of indenture, 22, 23, n.;
easy life of some described by Alsop, 25;
unenviable condition of majority, 25-28;
wages of, 28-31;
high in New England, 28;
generally low, 28;
poor quality of their service, 31-36;
colonial laws concerning their relation to masters, 38-48;
legal protection, 38-40;
legal precaution against their escape, 40, 41;
legal punishment for harboring any who escaped, 41, 42;
legal reward for their capture when escaped, 43, 44;
laws to prevent their escape, 44;
discomforts and hard treatment, 44;
laws for corporal punishment, 45;
laws to prevent barter with, 45, 46;
restricted by minute and oppressive laws, 47;
laws to prevent their being set free, 47, 48;
a few rose to high social position, 48;
supplanted by free laborers at the North, 54;
supplanted by negro slaves at the South, 54.
See also Colonial laws, Indenture, names of colonies.
Remedies, doubtful, 167-193;
many proposed, 167;
why ineffective, 167;
application of golden rule inadequate, 169;
application of intelligence not sufficient, 170;
receiving employee into family unsatisfactory, 170-172;
bringing negroes to the North, of doubtful benefit, 172-175;
importation of Chinese domestics would tend to drive out European domestics, 176, 177;
licenses, not applicable, 177, 178;
German service books, not feasible, 178;
abolition of higher grades of public schools, 179;
introduction of housework into public schools, 179;
“Servant Reform Association,” 179, 180;
training schools do not promise success, undemocratic, 180-186;
co-operative housekeeping, 186-193;
causes of its failure, 193.
See also Co-operative housekeeping, Training schools.
Remedies, possible, must have historical and economic basis, 193, 194;
general principles, 194-203;
must be in line with industrial tendencies, 194;
cannot be immediate in effect, 199;
creation of social opportunities, 206, 207;
abolition of term “servant,” 207, 208;
disuse or less free use of Christian name, 209;
reasonable regulations for wearing cap and apron, 210;
relinquishment of demand for servility of manner, 210;
abolition of fees, 210;
specialization of household employments, 212-234;
measures must conform to principles of division of labor and unconscious co-operation, 212;
practice of putting work out of the house, 213-234, 267, 268;
removing worker from the house, 213-234, 267, 268;
education in household affairs, 251-262;
improvement must be an evolution, 273.
See also Industrial tendencies, Profit sharing.
Rents, possible lessening of, through removal of necessity for laundries in individual homes, 223.
Rhode Island, colonial laws concerning those who harbored runaways, 43;
for corporal punishment of servants, 45.
Richards, Mrs. Ellen S., and Talbot, Marion, Household Sanitation, 261, n.
“The Roby,” 191.
Rochdale Pioneers, 187.
Rowe, C. J., on domestic service in Australia, 128, n.
Runaways, legal punishment of, 41;
legal punishment of those harboring, 42, 43;
legal rewards for capturing, 44.
Salomon, G., on domestic service in France, 288, n., 289, n., 291, n., 292, n., 293, n., 296, n.
Sanitation, household, 261, n.
Savings of domestic employees, 103.
Schloss, D. F., on profit sharing, 237-239.
Schouler, James, on relation of master and servant, 138.
Seamstresses, average wages of, statistics, 89, 94-97.
Second girl, average wages of, statistics, 89, 94-97.
“Servant,” as an appellation, 57, 58, 69-72, 155, 208;
history of its use in America, 69-71;
term offensive to American employees, 72;
not demeaning in itself, 155;
may be applied to any one, 155;
ordinary usage restricted to one who does housework for wages, 155;
protests against the term, 155, n.;
as used at present will continue to be a mark of social degradation, 155, 156;
should be abolished, 207.
“Servant Reform Association,” 179, 180.
Service books, see German service books.
Servility of manner, absence of, at the North, in early colonial period, 61;
required of domestics, 158;
an anomaly in a democratic country, 210.
Sewall, Judge, description by, of funeral of his negro servant, 27, n.;
protest of, against negro slavery, 52, n.
Sewing women of New York City, 199, n.
Slavery, abolition of, opened competition in domestic service between negroes and foreign born, 65;
abolition of, assisted in making labor mobile, 67.
Smyth, J. F. D., on use of term “servant,” 70, n.
Social condition of domestic service, improvement in, see Remedies, possible.
Social disadvantages of domestic service, see Domestic service, social disadvantages.
Social opportunities for domestics, the demand for more, reasonable, 206;
cannot be met in private home, 206.
Social position of different occupations changes, 205, 266, 267.
Social stigma attached to domestic service, its greatest disadvantage, 163.
Sot-Weed Factor, 21, n., 22, n., 27, 48, n.
South Carolina, colonial law regulating wages of redemptioners, 30;
to protect servants, 40;
concerning runaways, 41;
concerning those who harbored runaways, 42;
concerning punishment of servants, 45;
to prevent barter with servants, 46;
difficulty of obtaining good domestics in, 173, n.
Specialization of labor, an industrial tendency, 195.
Specialization of household employments, see Household employments.
Spinning, revival of, as home industry in Westmoreland, 232, n.
Statistics, basis of, for this work, obtained through distribution of schedules, preface, vii-xi.
Stephen, Sir James, on civil service reform, 274.
Stillman, W. J., on fees, 290, n.
Suffrage, right of, denied domestic servants in Europe, 72, n.
Sunday, free hours on, in domestic service, 134, 146, 147.
Sunday privileges of domestics in early part of century, 58.
Swedes and Norwegians in the United States, number of, 78;
number in domestic service, 79.
Syracuse, N. Y., Household Economic Club, 225, n.
Table service an art, 142;
may be performed by specialist, 224.
Talbot, Marion, and Richards, Mrs. Ellen S., Household Sanitation, 261, n.
Taylor, George, signer of the Declaration of Independence, a Pennsylvania redemptioner, 48, n.
Tea Company, Oriental, Boston, 216, n.
Teachers, wages of, compared with wages of domestics, 99-102;
salaries of, statistics, 99, 100.
Technical training, demand for, an industrial tendency, 195.
Texas, preference in, for German and Swedish domestics, 173, n.
Thatcher, Rev. Peter, Indian servant of, 51.
Tips, see Feeing.
Tocqueville, A. de, on democratic condition of service in America, 57.
Training schools for domestics, 180-186;
possible benefits from, 180, 181;
demand for, from employers, 181;
scheme for their establishment in connection with World’s Fair, 1893, 181;
few established and those unsuccessful, 181;
reasons for their failure, 182-186;
admit pupils too young, 182;
course too short, 182;
attendance not voluntary, 182, 183;
ignorance of employers, 183;
not analogous to training schools for nurses, 183, 184;
methods superficial, 184, 185;
undemocratic, 185, 186.
Trollope, Mrs., on difficulty in obtaining servants, 58.
Troy, N. Y., laundries, 223.
Tutwiler, Julia R., on feeing, 162, n.
Unconscious co-operation, characteristic of modern industry, 212.
Unemployed, number of, among domestic employees, very small, 104, 105.
University education in household affairs needed, 259-262, 269.
Vacations, of domestic employees, 135, 136.
Valet, the, in literature, 296, n.
Vassar College, Associate Alumnæ of, assistance of, in obtaining statistics, preface, vii;
Classes of 1888 and 1889, assistance of, in obtaining statistics, preface, vii.
Vegetables, preparation of, for cooking, 214;
canning of, 214, n.
Verney, Thomas, a redemptioner, 21, n.
Virginia, transported convicts in, 18;
General Court of, prohibits introduction of English criminals, 19, n.;
redemptioners in, 21, n., 23, 25, 27, 48, n.;
colonial law of indenture in, 23, 24;
laws binding servants not indented in, 23, 24;
law regulating wages of redemptioners in, 30;
to punish pilfering of bakers in, 32, n.;
fixing reward for capturing runaways in, 44.
Wages in domestic service, total aggregate paid, 3, n.;
average paid in 1817, cited by Breck, 58, n.;
present average of, statistics, 88, 90, 94-97;
by geographical sections, 88;
by occupations, statistics, 90, 94-97;
highest for skilled labor, 89;
higher paid to foreign born than to native born, 91, 92;
higher paid to men than to women, 92;
tending to increase, 93;
exceed average wages in other occupations, 93;
compared with wages of teachers, 99-102;
maintained without strikes, 105;
conform to economic laws, 106;
in average family, 108;
underrated in popular estimate, 164, n.;
not officially investigated as are wages in other occupations, 198;
wages paid in Europe, 288-294.
Wages of redemptioners, 28-31.
“Waitress,” as an appellation unobjectionable, 208.
Waitresses, average wages of, statistics, 89, 94-97.
See also Chambermaids.
Warner, Charles Dudley, on social position of teachers, 205, n.
Washing, see Laundry work.
Waste lessened through profit sharing, 240, 241, 243, 244, 246.
Watson, Elkanah, on self-respect of domestic employees in America, 1782, 49, n.;
on effect of slavery upon people of the South, 52, n.;
on high character of service in America, 56, n.
Watson, John, on increase of democratic spirit in servants, 55, n.
Weaving, transferred from home to factories, 215;
revival of, as home industry in Westmoreland, 232, n.
Weber, A., on domestic service in France, 281, n., 282, n., 283, n., 291, n., 292, n.
Winter, John, on high wages of redemptioners in Maine, 28, n.;
description of an unprofitable servant, 33, 34.
Winthrop, John, on high wages demanded by servants in New England, 28, n.
Winthrop, John, Jr., complaint of his Irish servant, 1717, 36.
Winthrop, Wait, complaint of his “black Tom,” 1682, 35.
Woman’s Exchanges, articles offered for sale at, better but more expensive, 213;
high standard for work maintained by, 217;
management of, should be put on business basis, 217;
new occupation for women opened by, 218.
Women, as affected by the release of labor from the home through introduction of factory system, 10-13;
number of, in manufacturing industries, 10, n.;
new opportunities for, about 1830, 12;
unwillingness of many to work for remuneration, a hindrance, 14, 202, 272;
progress of, hindered by their failure to put a just money value on their services, 14;
foreign born wage-earning, majority of, domestic employees, 77;
wages of, in domestic service lower than wages of men, 92;
entrance of, into business occupations, 196;
can engage in many more occupations than formerly without social ostracism, 205;
new occupation opened through Woman’s Exchange, 218;
new opportunities through specialization of household employments, 226, 227, 232;
their release from certain kinds of work through specialization of household employments, 231;
opportunity thus opened to specialize in some branch of work on a business basis, 231, 232;
conservatism of many, a hindrance to improvement in domestic service, 264, 265;
tendency of many toward aristocracy, a hindrance to improvement, 265;
work of, needs readjustment, 270-273.
Work, standard of, improved by requirements of Woman’s Exchanges, 217, 218.
“Working housekeeper,” as substitute for “servant,” 156.
World’s Fair, 1893, efforts in connection with, to establish national training schools for domestic employees, 181.
Wright, Mr. Carroll D., on agencies producing change from domestic to factory system, 8;
on profit sharing, 236, 237, 240.
Zimmern, Alice, on domestic service in America, 275, n.

Domestic Service - Bibliography Full Titles Of Works Referred To In The Text
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