APPENDIX
CHINOOK VOCABULARY
- One
- Ight
- Two
- Muxt
- Three
- Thlune
- Four
- Lakat
- Five
- Quinum
- Six
- Tuchum
- Seven
- Sinamuxt
- Eight
- Istought-tekin
- Nine
- Quie-est
- Ten
- Eattathlelum
- Eleven
- Eattathlelum equin ight
- Twelve
- Eattathlelum equin muxt
- Thirteen
- Eattathlelum equin thlune
- Fourteen
- Eattathlelum equin lakat
- Fifteen
- Eattathlelum equin quinum
- Sixteen
- Eattathlelum equin tuchum
- Seventeen
- Eattathlelum equin sinamuxt
- Eighteen
- Eattathlelum equin istought-tekin
- Nineteen
- Eattathlelum equin quie-est
- Twenty
- Muxt-thlalth
- Twenty-one
- Muxt-thlalth equin ight
- Twenty-two
- Muxt-thlalth equin muxt
- {343} Twenty-three
- Muxt-thlalth equin thlune
- Twenty-four
- Muxt-thlalth equin lakat
- Twenty-five
- Muxt-thlalth equin quinum
- Twenty-six
- Muxt-thlalth equin tuchum
- Twenty-seven
- Muxt-thlalth equin sinamuxt
- Twenty-eight
- Muxt-thlalth equin istought-tekin
- Twenty-nine
- Muxt-thlalth equin quie-est
- Thirty
- Thlune-thlalth
- Thirty-one
- Thlune-thlalth equin ight
- Thirty-two
- Thlune-thlalth equin muxt
- Thirty-three
- Thlune-thlalth equin thlune
- Forty
- Lakat-thlalth
- Fifty
- Quinum-thlalth
- Sixty
- Tuchum-thlalth
- Seventy
- Sinamuxt-thlalth
- Eighty
- Istought-tekin-thlalth
- Ninety
- Quie-est-thlalth
- One hundred
- E-tha-ca-munack
- Two hundred
- Muxt e-tha-ca-munack
- Three hundred
- Thlune e-tha-ca-munack
- Four hundred
- Lakat e-tha-ca-munack
- Five hundred
- Quinum e-tha-ca-munack
- One thousand
- Hi-oh
- Two thousand
- Hi-oh hi-oh Three thousand Hi-oh hi-oh hi-oh
- Four thousand
- Hi-oh hi-oh hi-oh hi-oh
- Five thousand
- Hi-oh hi-oh hi-oh hi-oh hi-oh
- Head
- Thlam-eck-took
- Hair
- Chlick-ax
- Eyes
- Etsuck-out
- Eyebrows
- Te-killikits-alepa
- Chin
- Come-ach-ouetts
- Nose
- Emeeats
- Mouth
- Emets-kill
- Ears
- Oak-cutsa
- Beard
- Te-vë-vex
- Cheeks
- Capala-ketanux
- {344} Teeth
- Ots-ats-ach
- Neck
- Oak-quam-ux
- Face
- Sheaaugh-ouest
- Arms
- Etispol-etick
- Fingers
- Te-kux-ach
- Ribs
- Telleman
- Shoulders
- Ok-chak-chalea-quilea-matic
- Breasts
- Emets-aughtick
- Back
- Emeck-kuts-ach
- Belly
- Eats-awanë
- Legs
- Eatsou
- Feet
- Tekick-acock
- Grandfather
- Eock-acka
- Grandmother
- Eye-kecka
- Father
- Mamah
- Mother
- Naha
- Uncle
- Eyat-tessa
- Aunt
- Elkitch-outcha
- Brother
- A-u
- Sister
- Ats
- Son
- Etsicha
- Daughter
- Oquè-cha
- Nephew
- Ack
- Husband
- Tlick-chall
- Wife
- Oquack-ekull
- Brother-in-law
- Ek-keck
- Sister-in-law
- Oquetam
- Son-in-law
- Exs-ech Daughter-in-law Okuste
- Relations
- Cap-whoo
- Lad
- Equal-èsso
- Maiden
- Ulick
- Boy
- Ekass-cass
- Girl
- Ok-thla-pelchech
- Fear
- Quass
- Enemies
- Il-keck-o-why-matick
- I or me
- Nica
- {345} Mine
- Nissika
- You or thou
- Mika
- Yours
- Miss-ika
- He
- Oeach
- She
- Awaugh
- It
- Ek-ek
- That
- E-kech
- These
- Ock-ock
- Here
- Ek-kech
- Who
- Tluxta
- They or them
- Yaugh-ka
- And
- Equin
- If
- Sminich
- By-and-by
- Alkè or quanà
- Where
- Kach-e-walchoo
- That
- Cat-ta
- When
- Tshech
- Nothing
- Onetan
- How many?
- Queen-tshech
- Yes
- Aa
- No
- Next or keyà
- That is it
- Yough-ca
- Long ago
- Ankatè
- Be quick
- I-ake
- Just now
- Alkè
- None
- Canext
- More
- Wought
- Little
- Eanux
- Good
- E-toukety
- Bad
- Mass-atsy
- Chief
- Tye-yea or Ecock-a-mana
- Slave
- Slave, elitè or missche-miss
- Indians
- Tilloch-cum
- Man
- Col-el-acuhm
- Woman
- Tlack-allè
- House
- Tolth
- Horse
- Keutan
- {346} Dog
- Camux
- Cat
- Piss-piss
- Hog
- Polobax
- It is true
- Na-wetca
- Sit down
- Meth-lite
- Rise up
- Echa-latsa
- Come here
- Essa
- Go away
- Alchoya
- Large
- Eya-quantle
- Too small
- Minich
- For what
- Cat-the-ass
- Affection
- Te-keigh
- Barter
- Killemuck
- Idle talk
- Kaltash wa-wa
- Perhaps
- Thlun-ass
- Give it me
- Thlum-èluta
- Falsehood
- Ettlè-mena chute
- Sleep
- Optètè
- Go off
- Ach-ne-coyea
- Go to bed
- Mahockste
- To-day
- Chau
- Yesterday
- Tanilkey
- To-morrow
- Wo-chè
- Elk
- Moluck
- Elk-skin
- Clemel
- Small deer
- Wow-wich
- Canoe
- Kineve
- Ship
- Ma-ma-tle
- White people
- Pa-she-shi-ooks
- River
- Ick-hol
- Land
- E-lè-hë
- Salmon
- Equanna
- Sturgeon
- Ulchy
- Gun
- Suck-wall-allè
- Blanket
- Pa-chichè-till-cup
- Blue cloth
- Othlal-ough
- Red cloth
- Pill-pill
- {347} White
- Till-cup
- Black or blue
- Othlal-ough
- Axe
- Kits-tan
- Knife
- Opitch-ach
- Needle
- Ke-pa-watt
- Beads
- Cum-us-ack
- Kettle
- Useun
- Wood
- Ecskaun
- Chest
- Ecskaun
- Bad weather
- Ecusach
- Rain
- Is-tau-elch
- Sun
- U-laugh
- Moon
- Ul-chey
- Night
- Polackly
- Far off
- Sciah
- Doctor
- Keel-alley
- Good spirit
- Econè
- Bad spirit
- Ecutoch
- Heart
- Eats-im-oughts
- Sick
- Etsitsa
- It’s done
- Hi-low
- Full
- Pattle
- Swan
- Ou-wucha
- Goose
- Cal-a-cal-ama
- Duck
- Oqueeh-quech
- Prophet
- Etaminua
- Priest
- Etaminua
- Sea-otter
- Elackiè
- Land-otter
- Enanamux
- Beaver
- Enna
- Musk-rat
- Eminticoo
- Bear
- H-whoot
- Eat
- Mack-amack
- Hungry
- Oh-low
- I am hungry
- Nica oh-low
- Bread
- Chap-all-ell
- Water
- Ill-chu
- {348} Take it
- Eskam
- Fire
- Uliptskè
- Hat
- Ohe-a-pool
- Powder
- Te-whoot
- To look
- Nananitch
- What’s your name?
- Cat-the-achal?
- Shame
- Nachamats
- Balls
- Caleitan
- Strawberries
- O’lèlè
- Raspberries
- Amute
- Potatoes
- Wapatoe
- Sweet onions
- Ulalach
- A present
- Patlatch
- To make
- Makouke
- Iron
- Chick-amen
- Brass-wire
- Thack-alle
- Medicine
- Eptl-ach
- Buttons
- Cill-cill
- Steal
- Capshewalla
- Understand
- Each-e-chimley
- To speak
- Kep-all-oulaw
- Great many
- Hi-oh
- Capot
- Capawillaughtè
- The same
- Quack-ick-qua
- Game
- Chal-e-chall
- Handsome
- Etoughtey
- Herrings
- Owl-chaus
- Tobacco
- Cay-nult
- How many whites?
- Queentshech pasheshiooks?
Besides the foregoing language, there is another lingo, or rather mixed dialect, spoken by the Chinook and other neighbouring tribes; which is generally used in their intercourse with the whites. It is much more easily learned, and the pronunciation {349} more agreeable to the ear than the other, as will appear from the annexed specimen.
- Great chief
- Hias tye-yea
- Slave
- Miss-che-miss
- Woman
- Tlutchè-men
- Child
- Tunass
- Good
- Tlòsh
- Bad
- Pishack
- No
- Wake
- Trade
- Mackouk
- Canoe
- Chippots
- Very little
- Ta-an-ass
- Balls
- Poll-alley
- Sea-otter
- Quatluck
- It’s true
- Na-wetkaha
- How are you?
- Thla choea
- To speak
- Wa-wa
- What
- Ick-etta
- Might
- Polackley
- Come here
- Chicko
- Go away
- Thlat-away
- By-and-bye
- Winnippiè
- Understand
- Come-a-tax
- Big or large
- Hi-ass
- Rain
- Snass
- Ship
- Shippo
- Good spirit
- Is-co-com
- Come in
- Meth-lite
- I love you
- Tekeigh
- Game
- Omintick
- What are you going to trade?
- Ick-etta mika mackouk?
- By-and-bye I’ll come again
- Winnippiè nica chicko
{350} A TABLE OF THE WEATHER AT THE MOUTH OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER, FROM MARCH 22ND TILL JULY 22ND, 1811.
| Month and Year | Winds | State of the Weather | Wet Days | Dry Days | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1811. | |||||
| March | 22 | S.W. | Snow and hail | 1 | |
| 23 | W. | Snow and rain | 1 | ||
| 24 | S.W. | Rain | 1 | ||
| 25 | S.W. | Moderate | 1 | ||
| 26 | S.W. | Fog and rain | 1 | ||
| 27 | W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 28 | S.W. | Rain | 1 | ||
| 29 | E. | Rain | 1 | ||
| 30 | W. | Some snow | 1 | ||
| 31 | S.W. | Clear weather | 1 | ||
| April | 1 | W. | Rain | 1 | |
| 2 | W. | Rain | 1 | ||
| 3 | S.W. | Clear and dry | 1 | ||
| 4 | W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 5 | E. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 6 | S.W. | Rain | 1 | ||
| 7 | N. | Rain | 1 | ||
| 8 | S.W. | Foggy | 1 | ||
| 9 | S.W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 10 | S.W. | Rain | 1 | ||
| 11 | W. | Rain | 1 | ||
| 12 | N. | Rain | 1 | ||
| 13 | N. | Heavy fog | 1 | ||
| 14 | S.W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 15 | S.W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 16 | S.W. | Rain | 1 | ||
| 17 | W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 18 | W. | Foggy | 1 | ||
| 19 | S.W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 20 | S.W. | Some rain | 1 | ||
| 21 | E. | Mist and rain | 1 | ||
| 22 | E. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 23 | W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 24 | S.W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 25 | S.W. | Rain | 1 | ||
| 26 | E. | Rain | 1 | ||
| {351} | 27 | N. | Mist and rain | 1 | |
| 28 | N. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 29 | E. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 30 | S.W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| May | 1 | S.W. | Clear | 1 | |
| 2 | S.E. | Cloudy | 1 | ||
| 3 | S.E. | Rain | 1 | ||
| 4 | S.W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 5 | W. | Heavy Fog | 1 | ||
| 6 | N. | Mist and rain | 1 | ||
| 7 | W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 8 | S.W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 9 | S.W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 10 | E. | Foggy and rain | 1 | ||
| 11 | W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 12 | W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 13 | S.W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 14 | N. | Rain | 1 | ||
| 15 | N.W. | Clear and warm | 1 | ||
| 16 | S.W. | Clear and dry | 1 | ||
| 17 | S.W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 18 | S.W. | Fog and rain | 1 | ||
| 19 | W. | Heavy mist | 1 | ||
| 20 | W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 21 | S.W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 22 | S.W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 23 | N.E. | Rain | 1 | ||
| 24 | N.E. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 25 | W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 26 | S.W. | Rain | 1 | ||
| 27 | S.W. | Foggy and clear | 1 | ||
| 28 | E. | Rain | 1 | ||
| 29 | N. | Rain | 1 | ||
| 30 | S.W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 31 | S.W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| June | 1 | W. | Clear and dry | 1 | |
| 2 | W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 3 | S.W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 4 | S.W. | Clear, S. wind | 1 | ||
| 5 | E. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 6 | N. | Rain | 1 | ||
| 7 | S.W. | Foggy | 1 | ||
| 8 | W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 9 | W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 10 | S.W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 11 | S.W. | Mist | 1 | ||
| {352} | 12 | S.W. | Clear | 1 | |
| 13 | N.W. | Foggy | 1 | ||
| 14 | N. | Rain | 1 | ||
| 15 | E. | Rainy | 1 | ||
| 16 | N.W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 17 | W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 18 | W. | Very sultry | 1 | ||
| 19 | S.W. | Strong heat | 1 | ||
| 20 | S.W. | Sultry | 1 | ||
| 21 | S.W. | Sultry | 1 | ||
| 22 | S.W. | Dull weather | 1 | ||
| 23 | W. | Rain | 1 | ||
| 24 | N.W. | Rain | 1 | ||
| 25 | W. | Cloudy | 1 | ||
| 26 | S.W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 27 | S.W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 28 | W. | Clear | 1 | ||
| 29 | N.E. | Very sultry | 1 | ||
| 30 | E. | Cloudy | 1 | ||
| July | 1 | S.W. | Clear and dry | 1 | |
| 2 | S.W. | Thermometer stood 93° | 3 | ||
| 3 | |||||
| 4 | |||||
| 5 | W. | Windy and rain | 1 | ||
| 6 | S.W. | Clear and warm | 4 | ||
| 7 | |||||
| 8 | |||||
| 9 | |||||
| 10 | W. | Sultry, thermometer 92° | 2 | ||
| 11 | |||||
| 12 | S.W. | Sultry and calm | 3 | ||
| 13 | |||||
| 14 | |||||
| 15 | W. | Cloudy and rain | 1 | ||
| 16 | N. | Cloudy, some rain | 1 | ||
| 17 | W. | Clear and dry | 4 | ||
| 18 | |||||
| 19 | |||||
| 20 | |||||
| 21 | S.W. | Thermometer ab. Zero 95 | 2 | ||
| 22 | |||||
1. Gabriel Franchère, Voyage (French original, published at Montreal in 1820; English translation published in New York, 1854); Ross Cox, Adventures on the Columbia River (London, 1831); and Alexander Ross, Adventures (London, 1849). We reprint the first and third of these.
2. For a brief account of the discoveries of the North-west Coast, see Thwaites, Rocky Mountain Exploration (New York, 1904), chap. i. For notes on Vancouver and Drake, see Franchère’s Narrative, volume vi of our series, notes 2, 66. Further references to this Narrative, in the following notes, will be to that reprint.—Ed.
3. For brief sketch of John Jacob Astor, see Franchère’s Narrative, volume vi. of our series, note 8.—Ed.
4. For the history of the great fur-trade companies, see Turner, “Character and Influence of the Fur Trade in Wisconsin,” Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings, 1889; Chittenden, History of American Fur Trade in Far West (New York, 1902); J. Long’s Voyages, volume ii of our series, preface. The Mackinac Company, composed of British subjects, was formed before the surrender of the Upper Lakes posts to the Americans (1796). It operated chiefly in the West and South-west; and in 1807, Americans on Lake Ontario fired upon its brigade. See Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, xxv, pp. 250–257. This company was a source of dispute between Canada and the United States until Astor purchased its stock. At the time of sale, the North West Company’s partners held a controlling interest.—Ed.
5. The word “Oregon” was not an appellation of the Spaniards, but appears to have first been employed in 1778 by the English traveller, Captain Jonathan Carver (concerning whom see J. Long’s Voyages, volume ii of our series, note 5). On the meaning thereof, see Oregon Historical Society Quarterly, June, 1900; also H. H. Bancroft, History of Oregon (San Francisco, 1886), i, pp. 17–25.—Ed.
6. For brief biography of these partners of the Pacific Fur Company, see Bradbury’s Travels, volume v of our series, note 4; Franchère’s Narrative, notes 9, 10.—Ed.
7. Concerning Mackenzie’s discoveries, see Franchère, note 4. McKay accompanied Mackenzie upon his second voyage to the Pacific, not upon his first expedition to the Arctic.—Ed.
8. Relative to Hunt, Crooks, McClellan, and Miller, see Bradbury’s Travels, volume v of our series, notes 2, 3, 72; for Clarke, see Franchère, note 81.—Ed.
9. For what is known of these clerks, see Franchère, notes 76, 84. For Robert Stuart, see Bradbury’s Travels, in our volume v, note 117.—Ed.
10. Compare the following description of the voyage of the “Tonquin” with that of Franchère; on the “Constitution,” Captain Thorn, and the Hawaiian Islands, see ibid., notes 18, 19, 21.—Ed.
11. Compare Ross’s account of the Hawaiian Islands with that of Franchère, especially notes 22–34.—Ed.
12. Compare the following account with that of Franchère, particularly notes 36, 37, 40, 41.—Ed.
13. Compare Ross’s description of the building of Astoria with that of Franchère, particularly notes 42, 44, 61.—Ed.
14. The tribes of the Pacific coast were numerous, and their classification varies. For the Chinook, Clatsop, Wakiacum, Cathlapotle (Cattleputles), Tillamook (Killamux), Multnomah, and Chehalis (Chickelis), see Franchère, notes 39, 40, 45, 52, 53, 65, 67. The other tribes cannot positively be identified, except the Katlamat (Cathlamux), who were a branch of the Upper Chinook, giving name to the town of Cathlamet, Washington. On the subject of the native races of this section, see Thwaites, Original Journals of Lewis and Clark Expedition (New York, 1904), under Scientific Data: Ethnology.—Ed.
15. For information concerning the wood-rat, sea-otter, and chepool, see Franchère, notes 128–130.—Ed.
16. For the characteristic fish of this coast, see Franchère, notes 88, 124–126. The ulichan is the candlefish, so named because it is fat enough to burn for illuminating purposes.—Ed.
17. For the wappato root see Franchère, note 87.—Ed.
18. Captain John Meares, born about 1756, served in the British navy, where he attained the rank of lieutenant. After the Peace of Paris (1783) he entered the merchant service, and founded a commercial house in Macao, China, to trade with the North-west Coast of North America. In 1786 he made his first voyage thither. Two years later, he formed an establishment at Nootka Sound, and explored the coast to the south—failing, however, to recognize the outlet of the Columbia as the mouth of a great river. In 1789, Meares’s establishment at Nootka was demolished by the Spaniards, which led to the diplomatic incident known as the Nootka Sound episode. His book appeared during this controversy—Voyages made in the years 1788 and 1789 to the N. W. Coast of America (London, 1791). Meares finally returned to the navy, became commander in 1795, and died in 1809.—Ed.
19. For brief account of Vancouver, see Franchère, note 2. Port Discovery, on the northern coast of Washington, was named for Vancouver’s ship. Desolation Sound was farther north in the Gulf of Georgia.—Ed.
20. For the appearance of these flattened heads, see Clark’s drawings of the Chinook, in Original Journals of Lewis and Clark Expedition.—Ed.
21. For the promontory known as Tongue Point, see Franchère, note 44. Gray’s Bay was named for Captain Robert Gray, op. cit., note 1. “Oathlamuck” Point is that now known as Cathlamet Point, in Clatsop County, Oregon. This does not bound Gray’s Bay, except as it is the point below which the river widens into great inlets.—Ed.
22. Puget’s Island, in the Columbia opposite Cathlamet, Washington, was named when Broughton explored the Columbia (1792), for Peter Puget, lieutenant of Vancouver’s vessel, the “Discovery.” For Oak Point, see Franchère, note 74. Ross is the only contemporary writer who mentions this Indian village by name.—Ed.
23. Ross confuses the names of two landmarks; the first should be Mount Coffin (see Franchère, note 48), the second Coffin Rock. The first is an isolated cliff on the Washington bank of the river, the second a rocky islet toward the Oregon side—both used as places of Indian sepulture. For Deer Island, see Franchère, note 75.—Ed.