APPENDICES

		PAGE
I.	LIST OF IMPORTANT CONJUNCTIONS	274-276
II.	LIST OF IMPORTANT PREFIXES	277-281
III.	LIST OF IMPORTANT SUFFIXES	282-286
IV.	GROUPS OF COGNATE WORDS	287-288
V.	HOW TO THINK IN LATIN	289-292
VI.	SHORT LIVES OF ROMAN AUTHORS	293-345
VII.	CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINES OF ROMAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE	347-363

APPENDIX I

LIST OF IMPORTANT CONJUNCTIONS

I. CO-ORDINATE.—These conjunctions join sentences of equal grammatical rank (ordo), that is, each sentence is grammatically independent of the other.

They are generally divided into FIVE classes:—

(1) Copulative (link) conjunctions are those which connect both the sentences and the meaning.

et, -quĕ, ac, atque ... and.
et ... et, -que ... -que (poet.) ... both ... and.
ĕtĭam, quŏque ... also.

Divide et impera.
Divide and control.

(2) Disjunctive conjunctions join together the sentence but they disjoin or separate from each other the thoughts conveyed.

aut ... aut, vĕl ... vĕl (vĕ) ... either ... or.
sĭve (seu) ... seu ... whether ... or.
nĕc (nĕque) ... nec (neque) ... neither ... nor.

aut vincemus aut moriemur.
We will either conquer or die.

(3) Adversative conjunctions oppose two statements to each other.

sĕd, vērum, vērō, cētĕrum ... but.
autem, tămen ... however.
ăt ... but, on the other hand.

Ille quidem tardior: tu autem ingeniosus, sed in omni vita inconstans.
He is a little dull: while you are clever, but unstable in all your actions.

(4) Inferential.—The statement of one sentence brings in (infert) or proves the other.

Ergo, ĭgĭtur, ĭtăque ... therefore, accordingly.

‘Unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem:
Ergo postque magisque viri nunc gloria claret.’

Ennius.

(5) Causal.

nam, namque, ĕnim, ĕtĕnim ... for.
quāpropter, quārē, quămobrem ... wherefore.

II. SUBORDINATE.—These conjunctions attach to a sentence or clause another clause which holds (grammatically) a lower or subordinate position, qualifying the principal clause just as an adverb qualifies a verb.

Thus in ‘I will do this, if you do,’ the if clause is equivalent to the adverb conditionally.

They are generally divided into EIGHT classes:—

(1) Final introduce a clause expressing a purpose.

ŭt, quō ... that, in order to.
nē, quōmĭnus ... that not, lest.
qui ... who (= ut is ...).

Edo ut vivam.
Ne ignavum te putemus, fortiter pugna.
Pauci mihi sunt quos mittam.

(2) Consecutive introduce a clause expressing a consequence or result.

ŭt ... so that, so as to.
ŭt nōn, quīn ... so as not to.
qui ... who (of such a kind as to...).

Ex.: Tam fortis adest nemo ut solus muros ascendat.
  Tam fortis est ut hostes non timeat.
  Dignus erat qui rex fieret.

(3) Temporal.

cum, quandō ... when.
ŭbī̆, ŭt ... when, as.
sĭmŭl, sĭmŭl atque (ac) ... as soon as.
postquam ... after that.
dum, dōnec, quŏad ... until, as long as, while.
prĭus ... quam, antĕ ... quam ... before that.

Discedere prius noluit quam ducem vidisset.
Pompeius ut equitatum suum pulsum vidit, acie excessit.

(4) Conditional.

sī, nĭsī̆ (nī), si non, quod sī ... if, unless, if not, but if.
mŏdŏ, dummŏdo, si mŏdo ... if only, provided that.
dummŏdo nē (dum nē, mŏdo nē) ... provided only not.

Ne promiseris unquam nisi fidem praestare potes.
Never promise if you cannot keep your word.

(5) Comparative and Proportional.

ut, utī, sīcut, vĕlut ... just as, as.
tanquam, quăsĭ ... as if.
quo ... ĕo ... the more ... the more.

(6) Concessive.

etsī, ĕtĭamsi, tămetsi ... even if.
quamquam ... although.
quamvīs, quamlĭbet ... however much.
lĭcet, ut, cum ... though, although.

Cum liber esse posset, servire maluit.

(7) Causal.

quĭă, quŏd, quŏnĭam, quandō ... because.
cum ... since.
proptĕrĕā ... quod ... for this reason ... that.
quandōquĭdem, quippe ... since indeed, inasmuch as.

Quae cum ita sint, ab urbe discedam.
Socrates accusatus est quod iuventutem corrumperet.

(8) Interrogative (with dependent clauses).

cūr, ūtrum ... ăn, num ... why, whether ... or, if.
quemadmŏdum, ut ... how.
ŭbī̆, quandō ... when.

Caesar utrum iure caesus fuerit, an nefarie necatus, dubitari potest. Whether Caesar was rightfully put to death, or foully murdered, is open to question.

APPENDIX II

LIST OF IMPORTANT PREFIXES

I. PREPOSITIONS.—In these compounds the Prepositions retain their original adverbial force.

A-, AB-, ABS-, = away, from (of the starting-place)

AD-, AC-, A-, = to (of a person, place, or thing, as the goal of motion).

ANTE = before (of place and time).

antecēdere = come before.
anteferre = prefer.

CIRCUM = around.

COM-, CON- (CUM), CO-, COL-, COR-, = together.

DE-, = down, from.

E-, EX-, EC-, EF-, = out of.

IN-, IM-, IR-, I-, = in, on, against.

INTER = between.

OB-, OBS-, OC-, OF-, OP-, O-, = against, on account of.

PER-, = through, along.

PRAE = in front.

PRO-, PROD-, = before, in front of, forth.

prod-ire = come forth.
provĭdēre = look onwards or ahead.

SUB-, SUF-, SUM-, SUP-, SUR-, SU-, SUS-, = beneath, under.

SUPER = over, upon.

TRANS-, TRA-, = across.

II. SEPARABLE PARTICLES, which do not appear as Prepositions in Latin.

AMB-, AM-, AN-, = around, on both sides.

ambīre = go around, canvass.
amplecti = fold oneself round, embrace.

DIS-, DI-, DIF-, DIR-, = in twain.

IN- (cf. ἀν-, ἀ-) = UN-, usually with adjectives.

ignoscere = not to know, forget, pardon.
innŏcens = not guilty, harmless.

PER- (cf. παρά) = in a sense of wrong or injury.

perdere = destroy.
perfĭdus = faithless.

RED-, RE-, = back.

SED-, SE-, = apart.

sēcernere = sift away, separate.
sēcēdere = go aside, withdraw.
sēd-ĭtio = a going apart, secession.

APPENDIX III

LIST OF IMPORTANT SUFFIXES

I. DERIVATION OF NOUNS.

II. DERIVATION OF ADJECTIVES.

III. NOUNS WITH ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES.

IV. DERIVATION OF VERBS.

APPENDIX IV

GROUPS OF RELATED (COGNATE) WORDS

		English derivative.
√AC = sharp.
āc-er	= sharp.	eager (F. aigre).
ăc-erbus	= harsh, cruel.	acerbity (= harshness).
ăc-ervus	= a heap.
ăc-ies	= edge, keen look.     army in battle array.	Fr. acier (= steel).
ăc-idus	= sour.	acid.
ăc-uo	= to sharpen.
ăc-utus	= sharpened, sharp.	acute (Fr. aigu).
ăc-umen	= a point, acuteness.	acumen.
ăc-us	= a needle.	Fr. aiguille.
√AUG = be active, strong.
aug-eo	= increase.
aug-mentum	= an increase.	augment.
auc-tio	= a sale by increase of bids, an auction	auction.
auc-tor	= a maker, producer.	author.
auc-toritas	= a producing, authority.	authority.
aug-ustus	= majestic, august.	august.
aux-ilium	= aid, help.	auxiliary.
√CAP = take hold of, seize.
căp-io	= take hold of.	captive.
căp-ax	= capacious.	capacious.
căp-ulus	= handle, hilt of a sword.
ac-cĭp-io (ad + capio)	= take to, receive.	accept.
ex-cĭp-io (ex + capio)	= take up.	exception.
man-cĭp-ium (manus + capio)	= property, a slave.	emancipate.
muni-cĭp-ium (munia + capio)	= a free town.	municipal.
prin-ceps (primus + capio)	= first, chief.	principal. prince.
√GEN-, GNA- = beget, become, produce.
gi-gn-o (= gi-gĕn-o)	= to beget.	indigenous.
gĕn-i-tor	= a father.	(pro)genitor.
gen-s	= clan, house, race.	gentile.
in-gens	= vast.
gĕn-us	= birth, race.	genus (Fr. genre).
in-gĕn-ium	= innate quality, character.
in-gĕn-uus	= native, free-born, frank.	ingenuous.
in-gĕn-iosus	= of good natural abilities.	ingenious.
pro-gĕn-ies	= descent, descendants.	progenitor.
gĕn-er	= son-in-law.
gĕn-ius	= the innate superior nature, tutelary (protecting) deity.	genius.
indi-gĕn-a	= nature.	indigenous.
gĕn-erōsus	= of noble birth, noble-minded	generous.
gĕn-ĕro	= to beget, produce.	generate.
gĕn-ĕtivus	= of or belonging to birth, genitive.	genitive.
na-scor = gna-scor	= to be born.	native.
nā-tūra	= nature.	nature.
nā-tio	= birth, a race.	nation.

APPENDIX V

HOW TO THINK IN LATIN

Numbers in the left margin (Ia, Ib...) were added by the transcriber for use with the notes.

Flaminius atones for his rashness.44

|| Ia, Ib Tres ferme horas pugnatum est et ubique atrociter; circa consulem tamen acrior infestiorque pugna est. || IIa Eum et robora virorum sequebantur, et ipse, quacunque in parte premi ac laborare senserat suos, impigre ferebat opem; || IIb insignemque armis et hostes summa vi petebant et tuebantur cives, donec Insuber eques (Ducario nomen erat) facie quoque noscitans consulem, || IIc ‘En’ inquit ‘hic est’ popularibus suis, ‘qui legiones nostras cecidit agrosque et urbem est depopulatus. || III Iam ego hanc victimam manibus peremptorum foede civium dabo.’ || IVa Subditisque calcaribus equo per confertissimam hostium turbam impetum facit, obtruncatoque prius armigero, qui se infesto venienti obviam obiecerat, consulem lancea transfixit; || IVb spoliare cupientem triarii obiectis scutis arcuere.

Livy, xxii. 6.

The heading and the author will at once suggest the stirring incident in the Battle of Lake Trasimene, when Flaminius atoned for his rashness by his gallant example and death.

You have seen how Analysis helps you to arrive at the main thought of the sentence, and you are familiar with the principles that govern the order of words in Latin, and the important part played by the emphatic position of words. So you may now try to think in Latin; that is, to take the thought in the Latin order, without reference to analysis or the English order. You will do well to follow closely this advice of experienced teachers:—‘Read every word as if it were the last on the page, and you had to turn over without being able to turn back. If, however, you are obliged to turn back, begin again at the beginning of the sentence and proceed as before. Let each word of the Latin suggest some conception gradually adding to and completing the meaning of the writer. If the form of the word gives several possibilities, hold them all in your mind, so far as may be, till something occurs in the progress of the sentence to settle the doubt.’

Ia 1. Tres ferme horas = for nearly three hours. This construction (Acc. of extent of time) will be familiar to you. Notice the emphatic position of the phrase.

pugnatum est = the battle was fought. This use of the so-called impersonal passive is very frequent, and is generally best translated by taking the root-idea of the verb as a subject.

et ubique atrociter = and everywhere fiercely.

Ib 2. circa consulem tamen = around the consul however.

acrior infestiorque pugna est = the battle is more keen and more vehement. This presents no difficulty; acrior and infestior must qualify pugna, which follows immediately.

IIa 3. eum = him, plainly consulem (i.e. Flaminius), for no one else has been mentioned. Notice the emphatic position of eum.

et robora virorum sequebantur = both the strongest of his troops followed. You may know that robur (lit. hard wood) is often used of the toughest troops, the flower of an army.

et ipse = and himself, i.e. the consul (Flaminius).

3-4. quacunque in parte = in whatever part.

4. premi ac laborare senserat suos = he had seen his men hard pressed and in distress. No other meaning is possible, nor does the order present any difficulty, but notice the emphatic position of suos.

4-5. impigre ferebat opem = actively he bore help.

IIb 5. insignemque armis = and distinguished by his arms, clearly referring to consulem (l. 2). Cf. eum (l. 3).

et hostes summa vi petebant = both the enemy with all their might attacked. et might, of course, = also (cf. et, l. 2), but the second et which immediately follows determines the meaning both.

6. et tuebantur cives = and his fellow-citizens (Romans) defended (him).

donec Insuber eques = until an Insubrian trooper. donec may mean while, but the context shows that until or at last is the right meaning here.

6-7. Ducario nomen erat = (his) name was Ducarius, i.e. ei nomen erat Ducario, where Ducario is possess. dat. in appos. to ei understood. It is, however, possible that the trooper’s name was Ducario, but cf. page 126, l. 2.

7. facie quoque noscitans consulem = by his face also (i.e. as well as by his armour) recognising the consul.

IIc 7-8. ‘En’ inquit ‘his est’ popularibus suis = See, said he, to his fellow-countrymen (comrades), this is the man.

8. qui legiones nostras cecīdit = who slaughtered our legions. There is a slight difficulty here, but a moment’s thought will remove it. It must be cecīdit, perf. of caedo, and not cecĭdit, perf. of cado, which is intransitive.

8-9. agrosque et urbem est depopulatus = and laid waste our fields and our city.

III 9-10. Iam ego hanc victimam mānibus peremptorum foede civium dabo = now I will give this victim to the shades of our countrymen foully slain. Mānibus cannot = hands (mănibus), for peremptorum civium, which immediately follows, fixes the right meaning.

IVa 10-11. subditisque calcaribus equo = and putting spurs to his horse. You will not attempt to translate this Abl. Absol. literally.

11-12. per confertissimam hostium turbam impetum facit = through the closely packed crowd of the enemy he makes his charge.

12. obtruncatoque prius armigero = and first cut down the armour-bearer (i.e. of Flaminius).

12-13. qui se infesto venienti obviam obiecerat = who had thrown himself in the way of him advancing at the charge.

infesto venienti is clearly dative with obviam.

13. consulem lancea transfixit = ran the Consul through with his lance.

IVb 13-14. spoliare cupientem = (him, i.e. Ducarius) wishing to spoil (the consul).

14. triarii obiectis scutis arcuere = the triarii (veterans) thrusting their shields in the way kept off.

This passage is quite simple, but it will serve to show you how you may with practice learn to take the thought in the Latin order, and to grasp the writer’s meaning. All that now remains for you to do is to write out a translation in good English, using short coordinate sentences, each complete in itself, in place of the more involved structure of the original. The following version by the late Professor Jebb will serve as a model:—

They fought for about three hours, and everywhere with desperation. Around the consul, however, the fight was peculiarly keen and vehement. He had the toughest troops with him; and he himself, whenever he saw that his men were hard pressed, was indefatigable in coming to the rescue. Distinguished by his equipment, he was a target for the enemy and a rallying-point for the Romans. At last a Lombard trooper, named Ducario, recognising the person as well as the guise of the consul, cried out to his people, ‘Here is the man who cut our legions to pieces and sacked our city—now I will give this victim to the shades of our murdered countrymen.’ Putting spurs to his horse, he dashed through the thick of the foe. First he cut down the armour-bearer, who had thrown himself in the way of the onset. Then he drove his lance through the consul. He was trying to despoil the corpse, when some veterans screened it with their shields.

44. Cf. p. 126.