Foundation of Rome

Religious Institutions

Destruction of Alba

Legend of Horatii and Curiatii

Destruction of Sennacherib’s host

Conquest of Latin Towns

Ostia, first maritime colony

Periander, tyrant of Corinth

Public Works: the Circus Maximus, Cloaca Maxima, and Temple of Jupiter

Draco, the law-giver at Athens

The Census, basis of Comitia Centuriata

The Servian Wall includes the Quirinal, Viminal and Esquiline hills, i.e. Rome of Republican times

Peisistratus at Athens

Return of Jews under Zerubbabel

Rome taken by Etruscans under Porsena

Dictator first appointed

Battle of Lake Regillus

Ionians defeated at Lade

First Session of the Plebs

Volscian War (Coriolanus)

Aristides and Themistocles

Spurius Cassius put to death

Destruction of the Fabii at Cremera

Thermopylae. Salamis. Himera

War with Aequians—Battle of Mt. Algidus

Plataea (Pausanians). Mycale

Two new Tables

(Appius Claudius)

Phidias (Parthenon)

Second Secession of the Plebs, resulting in the Valerio-Horatian Laws

Athenian defeat at Coronea

Military tribunes with consular power appointed

Athenian colony to Thurii

Era of the Sophists (Gorgias, Protagoras)

Censors first appointed

Spurius Maelius killed

Cossus wins Spolia opima (2)

War of Corinth and Corcyra

Capua taken by the Samnites

Sphacteria (Demosthenes, Cleon)

Battle of Aegospotami

Roman soldiers first receive pay

Lysander enters Athens

Critias and Thirty Tyrants

Democracy restored (Thrasybulus)

Invasion of the Gauls

Battle of the Allia

Burning of Rome (Brennus)

Manlius Capitolinus

Camillus Parens Patriae

History based on documents begins

Expedition of Cyrus the Younger (The Anabasis of Xenophon)

Dionysius I of Syracuse, Wars of Syracuse and Carthage

First Plebeian Consul

First Praetor (Judge) appointed

Pelopidas and Epaminondas (Thebes)

Supremacy of Thebes (Leuctra)

Ludi Scenici at Rome

C. Marcius Rutilus, First Plebeian Dictator

Legend of M. Valerius Corvus

Praxiteles (sculptor)

Treaty of Rome with Carthage

Olynthus taken by Philip

Battle of Mt. Gaurus (M. Valerius Corvus)

Devotion of Decius Mus I

Apelles (painter)

Battle of Mt. Vesuvius

Supremacy of Comitia Tributa

Alexander the Great

Second Samnite War (C. Pontius)

Caudine Forks. The Yoke

Foundation of Alexandria

Appius Claudius, Censor

First Battle at Lake Vadimo

Battle of Bovianum

Agathocles at Syracuse

Battle of Sentinum

Devotion of Decius Mus II

Demetrius Poliorcetes

Last Secession of the Plebs

Lex Hortensia. Legislative power of Comitia Tributa finally established

Political distinction between the Patricians and Plebeians now at an end

Renewed Etruscan and Gallic War

Second Battle at Lake Vadimo

Bion and Moschus

War with Tarentines and Pyrrhus

Battle of Heraclea. Victory of the phalanx

Battle of Asculum

Ptolemy II (Philadelphus)

Rome and Carthage allied

Pyrrhus masters nearly all Sicily

Battle near Beneventum (M’. Curius Dentatus)

Pyrrhus returns to Epirus

Treaty of Rome with Egypt

Recognition of Rome as one of the great powers

Aratus (astronomer)

Pyrrhus killed at Argos

Hiero of Syracuse joins Rome

Naval victory of Duilius near Mylae

Aratus, General of Achaean League

Naval victory of Regulus at Ecnomus

Carthaginian victory at Drepana (Claudius)

Hamilcar Barca in Sicily

Ptolemy III (Euergetes)

Victory of Lutatius off the Aegates Insulae

Peace with Carthage

Sicily made a Roman Province (1)

War of Carthage with her Mercenaries

Corsica and Sardinia made a Roman Province (2)

Livius Andronicus (fl. 240)

Hamilcar in Spain. Hannibal’s oath

Naevius (fl. 235)

Illyrian War. (Queen Teuta)

Athens joins Achaean League

Corinth admits the Romans to the Isthmian Games

Hasdrubal succeeds Hamilcar in Spain

Founds New Carthage. The Iberus (Ebro) fixed as the Carthaginian boundary

Roman Embassy to Greece

Gallic rising (Boii and Insubres)

Great victory near Telamon

Reforms of Cleomenes at Sparta

Victory over the Insubres at Clastidium

M. Marcellus wins the spolia opima (3)

Subjugation of Gaul south of the Alps

Aratus and Antigonus take Sparta

Antiochus the Great (Syria)

Hannibal succeeds Hasdrubal in Spain

Hannibal takes Saguntum (ally of Rome)

Ptolemy IV (Philopator)

Plautus (254-184)

Hannibal crosses the Alps

Battles of the Ticinus and Trebia

Battle of Lake Trasimene

Q. Fabius Maximus, Dictator

Battle of Cannae. Death of Paulus

Philip allied with Hannibal

Fabius Pictor (fl. 216)

Ennius (239-169)

Siege and Capture of Syracuse by Marcellus

Death of Archimedes

P. & Cn. Scipio defeated by Hasdrubal

Loss of Spain south of the Ebro

Hannibal seizes Tarentum

P. Cornelius Scipio (Africanus Maior) in Spain

Rome allied with Aetolians

Scipio surprises New Carthage

Hasdrubal (son of Hamilcar) eludes Scipio and crosses the Pyrenees to join Hannibal

Philopoemen, General of Achaean League

Defeat and Death of Hasdrubal at the Metaurus (Nero)

Scipio goes to Africa: blockades Utica

Peace of Rome with Philip

Hannibal recalled: leaves Italy

Battle of Zama. Peace made

Battle of Cynoscephalae (Flaminius)

Proclamation of the Freedom of Greece

Hannibal takes refuge with Antiochus

Cato (234-149)

War with Insubrian and Boian Gauls

Gallia Cisalpina a Roman Province (3)

War with Antiochus of Syria

Battle of Thermopylae (Cato)

Battle of Magnesia. (L. Scipio and Domitius)

Hannibal with Prusias, King of Bithynia

Pacuvius (220-132)

Censorship of Cato

Deaths of Hannibal, Scipio and Philopoemen

T. Sempronius Gracchus in Spain

War of Antiochus and Egypt

Third Macedonian War (Perseus)

Battle of Pydna (Aemilius Paulus)

Egypt accepts the protectorate of Rome

Judas Maccabaeus (a treaty with Rome, 161)

Terence (185-159)

Third Punic War (Scipio Africanus Minor)

Destruction of CarthageB

War with Andriscus (the pseudo-Philip) and the Achaeans. Destruction of Corinth (Mummius)

Lucilius (180-103)

Macedonia made a Roman Province (4)B

Illyricum made a Roman Province (5)

War with Viriathus, the Lusitanian Hero

Judaea free from Syrian control (Simon Maccabaeus)

Destruction of Numantia (Scipio Africanus Minor)

Roman Province in Spain (7)B

Achaia made a Roman Province (8)

Accius (c. 170-90)

Agrarian Law of Tiberius Gracchus

Murder of Tib. Gracchus (P. Scipio Nasica)

First civil bloodshed in Rome

John Hyrcanus subdues Idumea and Samaria

Two plebeian Consuls (the first time)

Death of Scipio Africanus Minor (Carbo suspected)

Tribunate of C. Gracchus

Roman Colony sent to Carthage

Conquest of S. Gaul

Province of Narbonensis (10)

Mithridates (Pontus)

Afranius (fl. 100)

Death of Micipsa, King of Numidia

The Jugurthine War (Metellus, Marius, Sulla)

Conquests of Mithridates on the Black Sea

Jugurtha betrayed to Sulla

The Cimbrians defeat the Romans at Arausio

Marius defeats Teutones at Aquae Sextiae

Marius (with Catulus) defeats Cimbri at Vercellae

Marius Consul a sixth time

Sulla on the Euphrates

Tribunate of M. Livius Drusus

The Social or Marsic War

Tigranes (Armenia)

Lex Iulia, granting the civitas to the Italian States not in rebellion

Cinnan revolution. Marius’ reign of terror

First Mithridatic War. (Sulla)

Massacre of Romans in Asia

Victory at Chaeronea. Sulla takes Athens

Victory at Orchomenus

Tigranes at war with Rome

Lucretius (97-53)

Peace of Dardanus with Mithridates

Second Civil War (between Marius and Sulla)

Death of the younger Marius

The Sullan Proscriptions

Second Mithridatic War (Murena)

Pompeius in Africa: triumphs as an Eques

Sulla Dictator

Leges Corneliae

Cilicia made a Roman Province (11)

War with Sertorius in Spain (Pompeius)

Pharisees supreme in Judaea

Sisenna (fl. 78)

Mithridates in alliance with Sertorius

Bithynia made a Roman Province (12)

Nicomedes leaves Bithynia to Rome

Varro (116-27)

Betrayal and murder of Sertorius

War with Spartacus and his gladiators

Death of Spartacus (Crassus and Pompeius)

Third Mithridatic War (Lucullus, Pompeius)

Victory of Cabira (Pontus)

Lucullus reforms the province of Asia (hence unpopular with Equites)

Catullus (84-54)

First Consulship of Pompeius and Crassus

Overthrow of the Sullan Constitution

Victory at Tigranocerta (capital of Armenia)

Nepos (100-24)

Mutiny of Lucullus’ soldiers

Mithridates recovers Pontus

Lex Gabinia

Pompeius destroys the Pirates

Rome interferes in Palestine

Sallust (86-34)

Lucullus superseded by Pompeius

Victory of Nicopolis (Armenia)

Cicero (106-43)

Syria made a Roman Province (13)

Pompeius takes Jerusalem

Catiline’s conspiracy crushed

Cicero saluted as Pater Patriae

Pompeius’ great Triumph

First Triumvirate (Pompeius, Caesar, Crassus)

Caesar’s first Consulship. The Leges Iuliae

Caesar in Gaul (in Britain 55 and 54 B.C.)

Gaul divided into three Provinces (14, 15, 16)

Caesar (102-44)

Cicero’s banishment and return

A. Hirtius (ob. 43)

Conference of the Triumvirs at Luca

Second Consulship of Pompeius and Crassus

Disaster at Carrhae. Death of Crassus

Pompeius sole Consul till August 1st

Cicero Governor of Cilicia

Third Civil War (between Caesar and Pompeius)

Caesar crosses the Rubicon

Caesar’s successful campaign round Lerida (Spain)

Massilia surrenders to Caesar

Defeat and death of Curio in Africa

Caesar’s unsuccessful investment of Dyrrachium

Battle of Pharsalus. Murder of Pompeius

Alexandrine War. Settlement of Asia

Battle of Thapsus. Death of Cato

Caesar sole Consul. Battle of Munda (Spain)

Pub. Syrus (fl. 45)

Battle of Philippi (Brutus and Cassius)

Battle of Actium (Antonius and Cleopatra)

Egypt a Roman Province (17)

Horace (65-8)

Octavianus Augustus

Tibullus (54-19)

Death of Marcellus

Livy (59 B.C.-18 A.D.)

Propertius (49-15)

Parthians restore standards

Birth of Christ

Ovid (43 B.C.-18 A.D.

Caligula

Claudius

Pontius Pilate in Judaea

Val. Maximus (fl. 26)

Phaedrus (fl. 30-40)

Crucifixion

Seneca (4 B.C.-65 A.D.)

Petronius (ob. 66)

Persius (34-62)

Lucan (39-65)

Galba, Otho, Vitellius

Vespasian. (Colosseum built)

Titus destroys Jerusalem

Pliny I. (23-79)

Titus

Eruption of Vesuvius (Herculaneum and Pompeii)

Quintilian (c. 35-95)

Frontinus (c. 41-103)

Tacitus (c. 55-120)

Pliny II. (61-113)

Suetonius (c. 75-160)

Florus (fl. 137)

Justinus (c. 150)

A. Gellius (fl. 169)

Val. Flaccus (ob. 90)

Statius (ob. 95)

Silius (25-101)

Martial (c. 40-102)

Juvenal (c. 55-138)

Domitian

Agricola subdues Britain

Death of Agricola (father-in-law of Tacitus)

Nerva

Trajan

Greatest extent of Roman Empire

Hadrian

Antoninus Pius

Constantine the Great

Ter. Maurus (c. 300)

Ausonius (fl. 379)

Alaric the Goth at Rome (Stilicho)

Hengist and Horsa (Kent)

Attila the Hun defeated at Chalons

Genseric the Vandal at Rome

Odoacer at Rome. Western Empire ends