INTRODUCTORY NOTE

Whatever controversies may be astir as to the precise objects of a classical training, it will hardly be disputed that if that teaching has been successful the pupils will sooner or later be able to make out an ordinary passage of ‘unseen’ Latin or Greek. It is a test to which the purely linguistic teacher must obviously defer: while the master, who aims at imparting knowledge of the subject-matter must acknowledge, if his boys flounder helplessly in unprepared extracts, that they could have learnt about ancient life better through translations.

In, addition to the value of unseen translation, as a test of teaching it constitutes an admirable thinking exercise. But so numerous are the various books of extracts already published that I should have seen nothing to be gained from the appearance of a new one like the present volume were it not, as far as I know, different in two important respects from others. It contains six Demonstrations of how sentences are to be attacked: and further, the passages are chosen so that if a boy works through the book he can hardly fail to gain some outline knowledge of Roman Republican history.

As to the Demonstrations, their value will be evident if it is realised that failure in this sort of translation means failure to analyse: to split up, separate, distinguish the component parts of an apparently jumbled but really ordered sentence. A beginner must learn to trust the solvent with which we supply him; and the way to induce him to trust it is to show it to him at work. That is what a Demonstration will do if only the learner will give it a fair chance.

In regard to the historical teaching contained in the extracts, there can be little doubt that the present tendency of classical teaching is towards emphasising the subject-matter as well as the language. It is felt that as training in political principles the reading of Greek and Roman authors offers unique advantages, such as many English boys can appreciate, who are deaf to the literary appeal. The choice therefore of historical extracts in chronological order is an attempt to recognise both the two great aims of classical teaching at once. At any rate there is no reason to suppose that the linguistic exercise is in any way impaired by being combined with a little history.

I should like to direct attention also to the notes given on the extracts, and the purpose they are meant to serve. If no notes had been given some of the passages which are important or interesting historically would have been found too difficult for the boys for whom they are intended. Moreover, most of the notes concern the historical aspect of the extract to which they belong, and are part of the scheme by which the subject-matter of the passage is emphasised. Although the passages themselves are not strictly graduated, the help given in translation becomes less and less as the boy goes through the book; and it is obvious that those extracts which illustrate the later periods of Roman History will be found more difficult than the legends and stories which belong to an earlier age. In cases where no help at all is desired, the Miscellaneous Passages (which are without notes) may be used.

E. LYTTELTON.

Eton: April 1908.

EDITOR’S PREFACE

The aim of the present book is to help boys to translate at sight. Of the many books of unseen translation in general use few exhibit continuity of plan as regards the subject-matter, or give any help beyond a short heading. The average boy, unequal to the task before him, is forced to draw largely upon his own invention, and the master, in correcting written unseens, has seldom leisure to do more than mark mistakes—a method of correction almost useless to the boy, unless accompanied by full and careful explanation when the written work is given back.

Now that less time is available for Latin and Greek, new methods of teaching them must be adopted if they are to hold their own in our public schools. When Lord Dufferin could say, ‘I am quite determined, so far as care and forethought can prevent it, that the ten best years of my boy’s life shall not be spent (as mine were) in nominally learning two dead languages without being able to translate an ordinary paragraph from either without the aid of a dictionary;’ and Dr. Reid could write, ‘It is not too much to say that a large number of boys pass through our schools without ever dreaming that an ancient writer could pen three consecutive sentences with a connected meaning: chaos is felt to be natural to ancient literature: no search is made for sense, and the Latin or Greek book is looked upon as a more or less fortuitous concourse of words;’ when Dr. Rouse can assert, ‘The public schoolboy at nineteen is unable to read a simple Latin or Greek book with ease, or to express a simple series of thoughts without atrocious blunders: he has learnt from his classics neither accuracy nor love of beauty and truth’—it is obvious that, for the average boy, the system of perfunctorily prepared set-books and dashed-off unseens is a failure. The experience of every teacher who is also an examiner, and who has had to deal with public schoolboys, will confirm this; but during twenty-five years’ teaching and examining of boys in almost every stage, I have found that translation at sight, taught upon the plan of this book, not only produces a good result, but teaches a boy how to grapple with the bare text of a Latin author better than the habitual practice of translating at sight without any help at all. If the average boy is to be taught how to translate, his interest must be awakened and sustained, and the standard of routine work made as high as possible. The clever boys are, as a rule, well provided for; but, even for them, the methods of this book have been found to be the shortest road to accuracy and style in translation. Moreover by this means they have gained a firsthand acquaintance with Latin literature and the sources of Roman history.

It is impossible here to enter into ‘the question of the close and striking correspondence between the history, the literature, and the language of Rome. It was not until the history of Rome threw its mantle over her poetry that the dignity of the poet was recognised and acknowledged. . . . In the same way the life of the Roman people is closely bound up with the prose records, and the phenomena of the Roman Empire lend a human interest to all representative Roman writers.’1 Considerations of this kind form a sufficient justification of the method here adopted of employing the historical records of Rome as a basis of teaching.

In this book the Introduction (pp. 1-14) is written to teach a boy how to arrive at the meanings of words (Helps to Vocabulary, pp. 1-5); how to find out the thought of a sentence through analysis and a knowledge of the order of words in Latin (Helps to-Translation, pp. 5-12); how to reproduce in good English the exact meaning and characteristics of his author (Helps to Style, pp. 13-14).

In the Demonstrations (pp. 15-58) the boy is taught to notice all allusions that give him a clue to the sense of the passage, to grapple with the difficulties of construction, to break up sentences, and to distinguish between the principal and the subordinate thoughts both in prose and verse.

The Passages have been carefully selected, and contain accounts of nearly all the important events and illustrious men of the period of history to which they belong. They are chronologically arranged and divided into six periods, covering Roman history from B.C. 753 to B.C. 44, leaving the Augustan and subsequent period to be dealt with in a second volume. The translation help given in the notes is carefully graduated. The notes to Parts I., II., III. (marked D, pp. 60-107) are thus intended to help younger boys to deal with passages which would in some cases be too difficult for them; less help in translation is given in Parts IV. and V. (marked C, pp. 108-159); while the notes to Part VI. (marked B, pp. 160-236) are mainly concerned with historical explanation, illustration, or allusion.

The Miscellaneous Passages (pp. 238-271), chosen for me by my brother-in-law, Mr. A. M. Goodhart (Assistant Master at Eton College), are added to provide occasional passages in which no help is given. It is hoped that these, which deal with subjects of general interest, and include a somewhat wide range of authors, may give variety to the book, and supply more verse passages than the historical character of the rest would admit. For the sake of variety, or to economise time, some of the passages may be translated viva voce at the discretion of the master.

The Appendices (pp. 274-363) may be referred to when a boy finds himself in doubt about the value of a Conjunction (I.), the force of a Prefix (II.), the meaning of a Suffix (III.), the Life and Times of his Author (VI.), or the historical significance of a date (VII.). In Appendix V. a Demonstration is given to show how a boy, after sufficient practice in translation by the help of analysis, may to some extent learn to think in Latin, and so to follow the Latin order in arriving at the thought.

The important question of what maps should accompany the book will be best solved by providing each boy with a copy of Murray’s Small Classical Atlas, edited by G. B. Grundy, which will be found to be admirably adapted to the purpose. By the kindness of Mr. John Murray, two plans (Dyrrachium and Pharsalus), not at present included in the Atlas, have been specially drawn to illustrate passages on pp. 216 and 218, and are placed opposite the text.

As far as possible I have acknowledged my indebtedness to the Editors whose editions of the classics have been consulted. For the historical explanations I am under special obligation to the histories of Ihne and Mommsen, to the ‘Life of Cicero’ by the Master of Balliol, and to the ‘Life of Caesar’ by Mr. Warde Fowler. I have also to thank Messrs. Macmillan for allowing me to quote from Dr. Potts’ ‘Aids to Latin Prose,’ and from Professor Postgate’s Sermo Latinus. For the prose passages the best texts have been consulted, while for Livy, Weissenborn’s text edited by Müller (1906) has been followed throughout. As regards the verse passages, the text adopted is, wherever possible, that of Professor Postgate’s recension of the Corpus Poetarum Latinorum. For the Short Lives I have found useful ‘The Student’s Companion to Latin Authors’ (Middleton and Mills), but I owe much more to the works of Teuffel, Cruttwell, Sellar, Tyrrell, and Mackail.

The Head Master of Eton, besides expressing his approval of the book, has kindly offered to write an Introductory Note. He has also given me an exceptional opportunity of testing more than half the historical passages by allowing them to be used in proof, until the book was ready, for the weekly unseen translation in the three blocks of fifth form, represented by the letters, B, C, D. The criticisms and suggestions made by Classical Masters at Eton, who have used the passages week by week, have been very valuable, and, in particular, my thanks are due to Mr. Impey, Mr. Tatham, Mr. Macnaghten, Mr. Wells, and Mr. Ramsay. My thanks are also due to the Lower Master, Mr. F. H. Rawlins, for kindly reading the MS. of the Introduction, Demonstrations, and Appendices I.-IV., and for giving me the benefit of his wide experience.

To my brother-in-law, Mr. A. M. Goodhart, I owe it that I undertook to write the book; without his advice it would never have seen the light, and he has given me most valuable help and encouragement at every stage.

As regards the choice of type and style of printing, I owe a special debt of thanks to Mr. W. Hacklett (manager of Messrs. Spottiswoode’s Eton branch), whose unceasing care and attention has been invaluable in seeing the book through the press. I must also acknowledge the patience and skill of Messrs. Spottiswoode’s London staff in carrying out the many alterations which I have found to be inseparable from the task of bringing each passage and its notes into the compass of a single page.

In conclusion I should like to say that it has been my aim throughout to adhere to what is best in Roman literature, and to omit passages the choice of which can only be justified by regarding their literary form apart from their moral value. Latin literature contains so much that is at once excellent in style and noble in thought that it seems a grave mistake to exalt the one at the expense of the other.

Maxima debetur puero reverentia.

EDMUND LUCE.

Windsor: April 1908.

1. The late Professor Goodhart.

CONTENTS

		PAGE
Introductory Note		v
Editor’s Preface		vii
List of Passages for Translation		xv
Index of Authors		xxiii
INTRODUCTION. HOW TO TRANSLATE AT SIGHT		1-14
I.	Helps to Vocabulary	1-5
II.	Helps to Translation	5-12
III.	Helps to Style	13-14
DEMONSTRATIONS IN UNSEEN TRANSLATION		15-58
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION AT SIGHT		59-236
(1)	Illustrating Roman History.—
	Part I.—Regal Period, B.C. 753-509	60-66
	Part II.—Early Republic, B.C. 509-366	67-88
	Part III.—The Conquest of Italy, B.C. 366-266	89-107
	Part IV.—Contest with Carthage, B.C. 264-202	108-146
	Part V.—Formation of Empire beyond Italy, in Europe and Africa, B.C. 200-133	147-159
	Part VI.—Period of Civil Strife in Italy, and Foreign Wars, ending in Revolution, B.C. 133-44	160-236
(2)	Miscellaneous Passages	237-271
APPENDICES:—
I.	List of Important Conjunctions	274-276
II.	List of Important Prefixes	277-281
III.	List of Important Suffixes	282-286
IV.	Groups of Cognate Words	287-288
V.	How to Think in Latin	289-292
VI.	Short Lives of Roman Authors	293-345
VII.	Chronological Outlines of Roman History and Literature	347-363
INDEX		365-368

---

PLAN OF DYRRACHIUM	opposite page 216
PLAN OF PHARSALUS	opposite page 218

LIST OF PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION.

DEMONSTRATIONS.
PAGE
16	Fierce encounter with the Germans	Caesar, B. G. i. 52
24	The Music of Arion	Ovid, Fasti ii. 83
32	A rash promise rashly believed	Livy xxv. 19
40	Rashness justly punished	Livy xxv. 19
48	The Happy Life	Vergil, Georg. ii. 490
54	The Tomb of Archimedes	Cicero, Tusc. v. 23. 64
Part I.—The Regal Period, 753-509 B.C.
60	The Vision of Anchises	Vergil, Aen. vi. 777
61	A. The Passing of Romulus	Livy i. 16
	B. The Mystery explained	Ovid, Fasti ii. 379
62	A. The Gate of Janus	Livy i. 19
	B. „„	Vergil, Aen. vii. 607
63	The Sibylline Books	A. Gellius i. 19
64	A. Sextus Tarquinius at Gabii	Livy i. 54
	B. The Fall of Gabii	Ovid, Fasti ii. 543
65	The Position of Rome	Cicero, de Rep. ii. 3
66	The Praise of Italy	Vergil, Georg. ii. 136
Part II.—The Early Republic, 509-366 B.C.
67	A. Horatius	Vergil, Aen. viii. 646
	B. „	Livy ii. 10
68	Horatius	Livy ii. 10
69	A. Mucius Scaevola	Livy ii. 12
	B. „„	Martial, i. 21
70	Battle of Lake Regillus	Livy ii. 20
71	Tribunes of the People	Livy ii. 32
72	Coriolanus	Livy ii. 40
73	Destruction of the Fabii	Ovid, Fasti ii. 175
74	A. Cincinnatus	Florus i. 11. 12
	B. ‘In the brave days of old’	Ovid, Fasti iii. 729
75	The Decemvirate. XII. Tables	Livy iii. 32, 34
76	Verginia’s Death not in vain	Livy iii. 49
77	Cossus wins the Spolia Opima	Livy iv. 19
78	First Pay given to Citizen Soldiers	Livy iv. 59
79	A. Lament over Veii	Propertius v. 10. 27
	B. The Rise of the Alban Lake	Cicero, de Div. i. 44. 100
80	The Conquest of Veii	Livy v. 21
81	The Battle of the Allia	Livy v. 38
82	A. The Battle of the Allia	Livy v. 38
	B. July 18th, a Dies Nefastus	Lucan, Phars. vii. 407
83	Roman Dignity and Courage	Livy v. 41
84	A. Manlius Capitolinus and the Sacred Geese	Verg. Aen. viii. 652
	B. The Fate of Manlius	Val. Max. vi. de Sev.
85	Camillus, Parens Patriae	Livy v. 49
86	A. Migration to Veii abandoned	Livy v. 55
	B. Juno forbids Rebuilding of Troy	Horace, Od. iii. 3. 57
87	First Plebeian Consul	Livy vi. 35
88	Origin of the Floralia	Ovid, Fasti v. 237
Part III.—The Conquest of Italy, 366-266 B.C.
89	Manlius and his son Torquatus	Cicero, de Off. iii. 112
90	An Important Epoch	Livy vii. 29
91	Battle of Mt. Gaurus. M. Valerius Corvus	Livy vii. 33
92	A. Self-sacrifice of Decius Mus	Propertius, iii. 11. 63
	B. The Dream of the Consuls	Val. Max. i. de Somn.
93	The Battle of Mt. Vesuvius	Livy viii. 10
94	The Dictator and his Master of the Horse	Livy viii. 30
95	The Caudine Forks	Livy ix. 2
96	„ „The Yoke	Livy ix. 5
97	Rome repudiates the Treaty	Cicero, de Off. iii. 109
98	Battle of Bovianum	Livy ix. 44
99	Battle of Sentinum	Livy x. 28
100	Aims of Pyrrhus. Battle of Heraclea	Justinus xviii. 1
101	Fabricius the Just	Cicero, de Off. iii. 86
102	Appius the Blind	Cicero, de Sen. 16, 37
103	A. The Battle of Asculum	Florus i. 18. 9
	B. The Battle near Beneventum	Florus i. 18. 11
104	In Praise of Pyrrhus	Justinus xxv. 5
105	A. Manius Curius Dentatus	Cicero, de Sen. 55
	B. „„ „	Juvenal xi. 78
	C. „„ „	Horace, Od. i. 12. 41
106	In Praise of Tarentum	Horace, Od. ii. 6. 9
107	The Praise of Italy	Vergil, Georg. ii. 155
Part IV.—The Contest with Carthage, 264-202 B.C.
108	The Vision of Anchises	Vergil, Aen. vi. 836
109	The Foundation of Carthage	Justinus, xviii. 5
110	Aeneas views the Building of Carthage	Vergil, Aen. i. 419
111	Regulus, a Roman Martyr	Cicero, de Off. iii. 99
112	A. Naval Victory near Mylae	(Adapted)
	B. Honour conferred on Duilius	Cicero, de Sen. 44
113	Carthaginian Victory off Drepana	Cicero, N. D. ii. 3. 7
114	A. Lutatius’ Victory off Aegates Insulae	Nepos, Hamilcar i.
	B. „ „„„„	Sil. Ital. vi. 653
115	A. Importance of Second Punic War	Livy xxi. 1
	B. Oath of the Boy Hannibal	Livy xxi. 1
116	‘The paths of glory lead but to the grave’	Juvenal x. 147
117	Character of Hannibal	Livy xxi. 4
118	The Siege of Saguntum	Livy xxi. 7
119	A. The Dream of Hannibal	Cicero, de Div. i. 24. 49
	B. The Interpretation	Sil. Ital. iii. 198
120	From the Pyrenees to the Rhone	Livy xxi. 28
121	From the Rhone to Italy	Livy xxi. 30
122	The Descent of the Alps	Livy xxi. 36
123	A. The Battle at the Trebia	Frontinus, Strat. ii. 5. 23
	B. The River bars the Retreat	Sil. Ital. iv. 570
124	The Battle of Lake Trasimene	Livy xxii. 4
125	„ „ „	Livy xxii. 5
126	The Death of Flaminius	Sil. Ital. v. 644
127	Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator	Cicero, de Sen. 10
128	Fabius and his Master of the Horse	Livy xxii. 29
129	Cannae. Destruction of the Roman Infantry	Livy xxii. 47
130	Cannae. ‘Paulus animae magnae prodigus’	Livy xxii. 49
131	A. Maharbal urges Hannibal to march on Rome	Livy xxii. 51
	B. Scipio forbids Nobles to abandon Italy	Frontinus, Strat. iv. 7. 39
132	A. Rome’s Heroes	Horace, Od. i. 12. 37
	B. The Dream of Propertius	Propertius iii. 3. 1
133	A. Capua aspires to rival Rome	Horace, Epod. xvi. 1
	B. Decius Magius defies Hannibal	Livy xxiii. 10
134	A. ‘Capua became Hannibal’s Cannae’	Florus ii. 6. 21
	B. The Punishment of Rebel Capua	Livy xxvi. 16
135	Marcellus at Nola	Livy xxiii. 16
136	Cicero’s Description of Syracuse	Cicero, in Verr. ii. 4. 117
137	Engineering Skill of Archimedes	Livy xxiv. 34
138	Marcellus laments over Syracuse	Livy xxv. 24
139	The Death of Marcellus	Livy xxvii. 27
140	Character of Scipio Africanus Maior	Livy xxvi. 19
141	Scipio takes New Carthage	Livy xxvi. 45
142	Nero’s March to the Metaurus	Livy xxvii. 43
143	The Metaurus	Horace, Od. iv. 4. 29
144	Hannibal leaves Italy	Livy xxx. 19
145	Zama. Before the Battle	Livy xxx. 31
146	Zama. The Order of Battle	Frontinus, Strat. ii. 3. 16
Part V.—Formation of Empire beyond Italy, in Europe and Africa, 200-133 B.C.
147	Battle of Cynoscephalae	Livy xxxiii. 9
148	Flamininus proclaims Freedom of Greece	Livy xxxiii. 32
149	A. Battle of Thermopylae	Frontinus, Strat. ii. 4
	B. Battle of Magnesia	Florus i. 24
150	Deaths of Three Great Men	Livy xxxix. 51
151	M. Porcius Cato	Nepos, Cato ii.
152	„„	Horace, Od. ii. 15
153	Pydna (Aemilius Paulus)	Livy xliv. 41
154	„„ „	Livy xliv. 41
155	Destruction of Carthage	Florus ii. 15. 11
156	Destruction of Corinth	Vell. Paterc. i. 13
157	The Lusitanian Hannibal	Florus ii. 17. 13
158	Destruction of Numantia	Florus ii. 18. 11
159	Rome the Invincible	Horace, Od. iv. 4. 49
Part VI.—Civil Strife in Italy, and Foreign Wars, ending in Revolution, 133-44 B.C.
160	The Gracchi	Sallust, Iug. 42
161	A. On the Death of Tiberius Gracchus	Cicero, de Off. i. 76
	B. On Lex Frumentaria of C. Gracchus	Cicero, Tusc. iii. 20. 48
	C. On C. Gracchus as an Orator	Cicero, Brutus 125
162	The Betrayal of Jugurtha	Sallust, Iug. 113
163	A. Arpinum. Birthplace of Cicero and Marius	Juvenal viii. 237
	B. Cicero on Marius	Cicero, Marius
164	Teutones annihilated at Aquae Sextiae	Florus iii. 3
165	A. Marius’ Flight from Sulla	Lucan, Phars. ii. 67
	B. Marius outlived his fame	Juvenal x. 278
166	Cicero on Civil Strife	Cicero, in Cat. iii. 10
167	Tribunate of M. Livius Drusus	Vell. Paterc. ii. 13
168	A. Outbreak of the Social War at Asculum	Florus iii. 18. 3
	B. The Sabellian father’s advice to his sons	Juvenal xiv. 179
169	A. Defeat and Death of Rutilius	Ovid, Fasti vi. 563
	B. The Lex Plautia Papiria	Cicero, pro Arch. iv. 7
	C. Cicero’s first and only Campaign	Cicero, Phil. xii. 11. 27
	D. The Battle near Asculum	Florus iii. 18. 14
170	Sulla’s Character and Bearing	Sallust, Iug. 95
171	A. Mithridates’ Youth and Early Training	Justinus xxxvii. 2
	B. His Preparations for Conquest	Justinus xxxvii. 3. 4
172	The Battle of Chaeronea	Frontinus, Strat. ii. 3. 17
173	A. Capture of Athens and the Piraeus	Vell. Paterc. ii. 23
	B. Battle of Orchomenus	Frontinus, Strat. ii. 8. 12
	C. Peace of Dardanus	Vell. Paterc. ii. 23
174	A. Battles of Sacriportus and the Colline Gate	Lucan, Phars. ii. 134
	B. „ „ „ „„	Vell. Paterc. ii. 27
175	A. Death of the Younger Marius. Sulla Felix	Vell. Paterc. ii. 27
	B. The Sullan Proscriptions	Lucan, Phars. ii.
176	A. Sulla appointed Dictator	Vell. Paterc. ii. 28
	B. Sulla lays down his Dictatorship	Suetonius, Iul. 77
	C. Death of Sulla	Val. Max. ix. 3. 8
177	A. Limitation of Tribune’s Right of Veto	Cicero, de Leg. iii. 9. 22
	B. Abolition of Corn Distributions	Sallust, Hist., Or. M. Lep.
	C. Judicial Functions restored to Senators	Vell. Paterc. ii. 32
	D. A Sumptuary Law	A. Gellius ii. 24. 11
178	Speech of Lepidus against Sulla	Sallust, Hist., Or. M. Lep.
179	Sertorius and his Fawn	A. Gellius, xv. 22
180	A. A New Hannibal	Florus iii. 22. 2
	B. The Death of Sertorius	Vell. Paterc. ii. 30
181	Lucullus’ Character and Early Career	Cicero, Acad. ii. 1
182	A. A Soldier of Lucullus	Horace, Ep. ii. 2. 26
	B. The Wealth of Lucullus	Horace, Ep. i. 6. 40
183	Spartacus and his Gladiators	Florus iii. 20. 3
184	Lucullus Ponticus	Cicero, pro L. Man. 20
185	Pompeius’ Character and Career	Cicero, pro L. Man. 29
186	The Man Caesar	Suetonius, Iul. 45
187	Caesar and the Pirates	Suetonius, Iul. 4
188	A Roman Citizen maltreated	Cicero, in Verr. ii. 5. 62
189	The Lex Gabinia	Vell. Paterc. ii. 31
190	Pompeius clears the Seas of Pirates	Cicero, pro L. Man. 34
191	Pompeius subdues Mithridates and Tigranes	Vell. Paterc. ii. 37
192	A. Caesar Curule Aedile	Suetonius, Iul. 10
	B. Caesar Propraetor in Further Spain	Suetonius, Iul. 18
193	Cicero declaims against Catiline	Cicero, in Cat. i. 1
194	The End of Catiline	Sallust, Cat. 61
195	Caesar forms First Triumvirate	Vell. Paterc. ii. 44
196	‘That day he overcame the Nervii’	Caesar, B. G. ii. 25
197	Naval Battle with the Veneti	Caesar, B. G. iii. 14
198	Caesar’s Bridge across the Rhine	Caesar, B. G. iv. 17
199	Cassivellaunus	Caesar, B. G. v. 19
200	The Gallic uprising. Vercingetorix	Caesar, B. G. vii. 14
201	Siege of Gergovia	Caesar, B. G. vii. 50
202	Siege of Alesia	Caesar, B. G. vii. 84
203	Cicero’s Banishment	Vell. Paterc. ii. 45
204	Cicero’s Return	Cicero, ad Att. iv. 1
205	In Praise of Caesar	Cicero, de Prov. Cons. 33
206	‘Quem deus vult perdere, prius dementat’	Florus iii. 11. 1
207	Carrhae: after the Battle	Lucan, Phars. i. 98
	„ „„	Horace, Od. iii. 5. 5
	„ „„	Ovid, Fasti vi. 465
208	Cicero’s humane Administration	Cicero, ad Att. v. 21
211	Caesar crosses the Rubicon	Lucan, Phars. i. 213
212	Caesar’s defence before the Senate	Caesar, B. C. i. 32
213	The Campaign round Lerida	Lucan, Phars. iv. 167
214	A. Siege of Massilia	Lucan, Phars. iii. 388
	B. „ „	Caesar, B. C. ii. 14
215	The Death of Curio	Lucan, Phars. iv. 799
216	Dyrrachium	Caesar, B. C. iii. 47
217	Eve of Pharsalus. Pompeius’ Dream	Lucan, Phars. vii. 7
218	Pompeius ill-advised at Pharsalus	Caesar, B. C. iii. 92
219	A. Pharsalus and Cannae compared	Lucan, Phars. vii. 397
	B. Battlefields of Pharsalus and Philippi	Vergil, Georg. i. 489
220	How Pompeius died	Caesar, B. C. iii. 103
221	Cato’s Eulogy on Pompeius	Lucan, Phars. ix. 190
222	The Grave of Pompeius	Lucan, Phars. viii. 789
223	‘Atrox Animus Catonis’	A. Pollio, B. Afr. 88
224	A. Cato Uticensis	Vell. Paterc. ii. 35
	B. „„	Lucan, Phars. ii. 374
225	Caesar dines with Cicero	Cicero, ad Att. xiii. 52
226	The Death of Caesar	Suetonius, Iul. 82
227	A. In Praise of Caesar	Cicero, Phil. ii. 45
	B. „„„	Lucan, Phars. i. 143
	C. Apotheosis of Caesar	Suetonius, Iul. 88
230	A. Peroration of Second Philippic	Cicero, Phil. ii. 46
	B. On the Murder of Cicero	Martial, iii. 66
231	A. Cicero as Orator and Poet	Juvenal x. 114
	B. Cicero as Advocate	Catullus xlix.
232	The Death of Cicero	Livy, fr.
233	A. In Praise of Cicero	Vell. Paterc. ii. 66
	B. „„„	Livy fr.
234	Laus Italiae	Propertius iii. 22
235	Laus Romae	Claudian, de Cons. Stil. iii. 150
236	‘Quod cuncti gens una sumus’	Prudentius, c. Symm. ii. 583
Miscellaneous Passages.
238	A. Propempticon Vergilio	Horace, Od. i. 3
	B. „„ „	Horace, Od. i. 3
239	A. Propempticon Maecio Celeri	Statius, Sil. ii. 2. 1
	B. „„ „„	Statius, Sil. ii. 2. 42
240	A. Seneca	Seneca, Ep. xv. 8
	B. „	Seneca, Medea 920
241	A. Criticism of Poets	Horace, Ep. ii. 1. 50
	B. „„Terence	Caesar, ap. Sueton.
	C. Ovid on his Contemporaries	Ovid, Tr. iv. 10. 41
242	A. A Storm at Sea	Ovid, Tr. i. 2. 19
	B. The Passing of Romulus	Ovid, Fasti ii. 493
	C. Thunder and Hail	Pacuvius ap. Cic.
	D. The Argo in a Gale	Val. Fl. Arg. viii. 328
243	A. Lesbia’s Sparrow	Catullus iii.
	B. ‘My Parrot, an obtrusive bird’	Statius, Sil. ii. 4
	C. The Lap-dog and its Portrait	Martial i. 109
244	A. The Roman Satirists	Quintilian x. 1. 93
	B. A Criticism of Lucilius	Horace, Sat. i. 4. 1
	C. Why Juvenal wrote Satire	Juvenal i. 19
	D. Juvenal’s Subject	Juvenal i. 81
245	A. Virtue defined	Lucilius, fr.
	B. Poor men of mighty deeds	Juvenal xi. 90
	C. Persius in praise of his Tutor	Persius v. 19
246	A. Objections to a permanent Theatre	Livy, Epit. 48
	B. Scenic Arrangements	Suetonius ap. Serv.
	C. The Awnings	Lucretius iv. 75
	D. The Law of Otho	Livy, Epit. 99
	E. Usurpers of Equestrian Privileges	Horace, Epod. iv. 11
247	A. The Web of Fate	Catullus lxiv. 311
	B. The Skill of Arachne	Ovid, Met. vi. 19
	C. The Pastime of Circe	Vergil, Aen. vii. 10
248	A. The Monster approaches Andromeda	Ovid, Met. iv. 671
	B. How Perseus won his Bride	Ovid, Met. iv. 721
249	A. Andromeda	Manilius, Astr. v. 567
	B. The Death of the Monster	Manilius, Astr. v. 595
250	A. The School of Flavius	Horace, Sat. i. 6. 71
	B. Ovid at School	Ovid. Tr. iv. 10. 15
	C. The Schoolmaster’s Life	Juvenal vii. 222
	D. Early School	Martial xiv. 223
	E. Homogeneous Divisions	Quintilian i. 2. 23
	F. Plagosus Orbilius	Martial ix. 68. 1
251	A. Books	Ovid, Tr. i. 1. 1
	B. „	Tibullus iii. 1. 9
	C. „	Martial i. 2
252	A. Arethusa	Ovid, Met. v. 585
	B. „	Ovid, Met. v. 614
253	A. Hylas	Propertius i. 20. 17
	B. „	Val. Fl. Arg. iii. 581
254	The Portmanteau Fish	Plautus, Rud. iv. 3. 58
255	A. ‘Humani nihil a me alienum puto’	Terence, Haut. i. 1. 15
	B. Cicero on Terence	Suetonius, vit. Ter. 34
	C. Defence of Contaminatio	Terence, Haut. prol. 16
256	A. The Song of the Nightingale	Pliny, H. N. x. 81
	B. A Corinthian Statuette	Pliny, Ep. iii. 6
257	A. Helps to Style	Pliny, Ep. vii. 9
	B. Importance of Concentration	Quintilian, Inst. Or. x. 3. 28
258	A. De Simonide	Phaedrus iv. 23
	B. Mons Parturiens	Phaedrus iv. 24
	C. Truth will out	Phaedrus, App. 22
259	A. The Golden Age	Tibullus i. 3. 35
	B. Birthday Wishes	Tibullus ii. 2
260	A. On the delights of Hunting with a Note-book	Pliny, Ep. i. 6
	B. Oenone Paridi	Ovid, Her. v. 17
	C. The Hunting Party	Vergil, Aen. iv. 129
261	A. A Roman Day	Martial iv. 8
	B. The Simple Life	Horace, Sat. i. 6. 110
262	A. In Praise of Agricola	Tacitus, Agr. 46
	B. Britain: its Climate and Products	Tacitus, Agr. 12
263	A. Trimalchio’s Supper	Petronius 50
	B. „ „	Petronius 51
264	I. Pronunciation: H „  H II. A Street Cry III. K, Q, C   IV. U	Quintilian i. 5. 20
		Catullus lxxxiv.
		Cicero, Div. ii. 40. 84
		Ter. Maurus
		Plautus, Men. 555
265	I. Proverbial Expressions II. „ „ III. „ „ IV. „ „ V. „ „ VI. „ „ VII. „ „ VIII. „ „ IX. „ „ X. „ „ XI. „ „ XII. „ „ XIII. „ „ XIV. „ „ XV. „ „ XVI. „ „	Caesar, B. C. ii. 27
		Cicero, Phil. xii. 5
		Horace, Ep. i. 2. 40
		Juvenal ii. 83
		Livy xxi. 10
		Lucretius ii. 79
		Martial i. 32
		Plautus, Bacch. i. 2. 36
		Terence, Eun. prol. 41
		Terence, Ph. ii. 4. 14
		Pub. Syrus
		Seneca, de Brev. Vit. i. 2
		Tacitus, Agr. 30
		Varro, de Re Rust. iii. 1
		Vergil, Aen. vi. 95
		Vergil, Aen. i. 461
266	A. ‘Whom the gods love die young’	Quintilian, Inst. Or. vi. 1. 9
	B. Servius Sulpicius to Cicero.	Cicero, ad Fam. iv. 5
267	A. Catullus at his Brother’s Grave	Catullus ci.
	B. To Calvus on his Wife’s Death	Catullus xcvi.
	C. Cornelia’s Plea to her Husband	Propertius iv. 11. 1
	D. Mors Tibulii	Ovid, Am. iii. 9
268	Apophoreta	Martial
269	„	Martial
270	Epitaphs and Inscriptions.
	I. On Naevius II. On Ennius III. On Pacuvius IV. On Plautus V. On Tibullus VI. In tumulo hominis felicis VII. Thermopylae	Naevius
		Ennius
		Pacuvius
		Plautus
		Domitius Marsus
		Ausonius, Epit. 36
		Cicero, Tusc. i. 42. 101
271	Epilogue.
	A. Horace	Horace, Od. iii. 30
	B. Ovid	Ovid, Met. xv. 871
	C. Martial	Martial iv. 89