11. Slavery—Freedom
servitute premi (Phil. 4. 1. 3)—to languish in slavery.
liberum populum servitute afficere—to enslave a free people.
aliquem in servitutem redigere—to reduce to slavery.
alicui servitutem iniungere, imponere—to lay the yoke of slavery on some one.
civitatem servitute oppressam tenere (Dom. 51. 131)—to keep the citizens in servile subjection.
libertatem populo eripere—to rob a people of its freedom.
populum liberum esse, libertate uti, sui iuris esse pati—to grant a people its independence.
aliquem in servitutem abducere, abstrahere—to carry off into slavery.
aliquem sub corona vendere (B. G. 3. 16)—to sell a prisoner of war as a slave.
iugum servitutis accipere—to submit to the yoke of slavery.
libertas, libertatis studium—independent spirit.
imperium oppugnare, percellere—to attack, overthrow a tyranny.
ad libertatem conclamare—to summon to liberty.
ad arma conclamare (Liv. 3. 50)—to call to arms.
vincula rumpere—to burst one's chains.
iugum servitutis excutere—to shake off the yoke of slavery.
iugum servile a cervicibus deicere (Phil. 1. 2. 6)—to shake off the yoke of slavery.
servitutem exuere (Liv. 34. 7)—to shake off the yoke of slavery.
iugum servile alicui demere—to deliver some one from slavery.
ab aliquo servitutem or servitutis iugum depellere—to deliver some one from slavery.
dominationem or dominatum refringere—to destroy a despotism, tyranny.
regios spiritus reprimere (Nep. Dion. 5. 5)—to destroy a despotism, tyranny.
libertatem recuperare—to recover liberty.
rem publicam in libertatem vindicare a or ex dominatione—to deliver the state from a tyranny.
12. Revenue—Colonies—Provinces
vectigalia redimere, conducere—to farm the revenues.
vectigalia exercere (vid. sect. V. 7, note The first...)—to collect the taxes.
vectigalia exigere (acerbe)—to exact the taxes (with severity).
pecuniam cogere a civitatibus—to extort money from the communities.
vectigalia, tributa[1] pendere—to pay taxes.
immunis (tributorum) (Verr. 5. 21. 51)—exempt from taxation.
immunitatem omnium rerum habere—to enjoy absolute immunity.
vectigalia, tributa alicui imponere—to impose tribute on some one.
tributorum multitudine premi—to be crushed by numerous imposts.
ager publicus—public land; state domain.
agros assignare (Leg. Agr. 1. 6. 17)—to allot land.
pecunia publica, quae ex metallis redit—the public income from the mines.
avertere pecuniam (Verr. 2. 1. 4)—to embezzle money.
peculatum facere (Rab. Perd. 3. 8)—to embezzle money.
rem publicam quaestui habere—to enrich oneself at the expense of the state.
coloniam deducere in aliquem locum (vid. sect. XII. 1, note Notice too...)—to found a colony somewhere.
colōnos mittere (Div. 1. 1. 3)—to send out colonists.
coloniam constituere (Leg. Agr. 1. 5. 16)—to found a colony.
provinciam[2] alicui decernere, mandare—to entrust some one with an official duty, a province.
provincias sortiri (Liv. 38. 35)—to draw lots for the provinces.
alicui Syria (sorte) obvēnit, obtigit—the province of Syria has fallen to some one's lot.
provincias inter se comparant—(the magistrates) arrange among themselves the administration of the provinces, the offical spheres of duty.
in provinciam proficisci (Liv. 38. 35)—to set out for one's province.
provincias permutare—to exchange provinces.
provinciam administrare, obtinere—to manage, govern a province.
provinciam obire—to visit, traverse a province.
(de or ex) provincia decedere or simply decedere (vid. sect. II. 4, note Cf. especially...)—to leave a province (at the termination of one's term of office).
[1] vectigalia = indirect taxes, including, for example, decumae, the tenth, tithe of corn; scriptura, the duty on pasturage; portorium, harbour-toll. tributum = direct tax on incomes.
[2] provincia originally means a sphere of activity, an employ, especially of magistrates; it then means the administration of a country outside Italy conquered in war, and lastly the country itself, a province. The senate each year determined on the countries to which magistrates were to be sent (provincias nominare, decernere).
13. Magistracies
(a) Candidature—Election
petere magistratum, honores—to seek office.
ambire[1] aliquem (always with Acc. of person)—to solicit the vote or favour of some one.
nomen profiteri or simply profiteri—to become a candidate.
manus prensare[2] (De Or. 1. 24. 112)—to shake hands with voters in canvassing.
nomina appellat (nomenclator)—the agent (nomenclator) mentions the names of constituents to the canvasser.
competītor (Brut. 30. 113)—a rival candidate.
multa (pauca) puncta in centuria (tribu) aliqua ferre[3]—to obtain many (few) votes in a century or tribe.
centuriam, tribum ferre (Planc. 49)—to gain the vote of a century or tribe.
omnes centurias ferre or omnium suffragiis, cunctis centuriis creari—to be elected unanimously
repulsam ferre consulatus (a populo) (Tusc. 5. 19. 54)—to fail in one's candidature for the consulship.
magistratus vitio creati—magistrates elected irregularly (i.e. either when the auspices have been unfavourable or when some formality has been neglected).
sufficere aliquem in alicuius locum or alicui—to elect a man to fill the place of another who has died whilst in office.
alicui or in alicuius locum succedere—to succeed a person in an office.
alicui imperatori succedere—to succeed some one as general.
suo (legitimo) anno creari (opp. ante annum)—to be elected at the age required by law (lex Villia annalis).
continuare magistratum (Sall. Iug. 37. 2)—to continue one's office for another year.
continuare alicui magistratum—to prolong some one's office for another year.
prorogare alicui imperium (in annum)—to prolong a person's command.
magistratus et imperia (Sall. Iug. 3. 1)—civil and military offices.
inire magistratum—to enter into office.
munus administrare, gerere—to perform official duties.
munere fungi, muneri praeesse—to perform official duties.
honores alicui mandare, deferre—to invest a person with a position of dignity.
muneri aliquem praeficere, praeponere—to appoint some one to an office.
munus explere, sustinere—to fulfil the duties of one's position.
abdicare se magistratu (Div. 2. 35)—to resign one's post (before the expiry of the term of office).
deponere[4] magistratum—to give up, lay down office (usually at the end of one's term of office).
abire magistratu—to give up, lay down office (usually at the end of one's term of office).
de potestate decedere—to give up, lay down office (usually at the end of one's term of office).
res ad interregnum venit or adducitur—an interregnum ensues.
abrogare alicui munus (Verr. 2. 57)—to remove a person from his office.
abrogare alicui imperium—to deprive a person of his position as commandant.
viri clari et honorati (De Sen. 7. 22)—men of rank and dignity.
honoribus ac reipublicae muneribus perfunctus (De Or. 1. 45)—a man who has held many offices.
amplis honoribus usus (Sall. Iug. 25. 4)—a man who has held many offices.
[1] Hence ambitio, legitimate canvassing; ambitus, illegal canvassing.
[2] Under the head ambitionis occupatio (De Or. 1. 1. 1) are enumerated salutare, rogare, supplicare, manus prensare, invitare ad prandium, and sometimes convivia tributim data. For the whole subject vid. Q. Cicero's book de petitione consulatus ad M. fratrem.
[3] In counting the votes polled, a dot or mark was put opposite a candidate's name as often as a tablet (tabella) with his name on it came up. Hence punctum ferre, to be successful, e.g. Hor. A. P. 343 omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci.
[4] But deponere is also found in the sense of abdicare, e.g. B. G. 7. 33. 4; N. D. 2. 11; Liv. 2. 28. 9.
(b) Particular Magistracies
consulem creare[1]—to elect a consul.
aliquem consulem declarare (Leg. Agr. 2. 2. 4)—to declare a person consul-elect.
aliquem consulem renuntiare (De Or. 2. 64. 260)—to offically proclaim (by the praeco, herald) a man elected consul; to return a man consul.
bis consul—twice consul.
iterum, tertium consul—consul for the second, third time.
sextum (Pis. 9. 20), septimum consul—consul for the sixth, seventh time.
videant or dent operam consules, ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat[2] (Catil. 1. 2. 4)—let the consuls take measures for the protection of the state.
in hoc praeclaro consulatu—during this brilliant consulship.
aetas consularis—the consular age (43 years).
pro consule in Ciliciam proficisci—to go to Cilicia as pro-consul.
superiore consulatu—in his former consulship.
dictatorem dicere (creare)—to name a person dictator.
dictaturam gerere—to be dictator.
dictator dicit (legit) magistrum equitum—a dictator appoints a magister equitum.
potestatem habet in aliquem vitae necisque (B. G. 1. 16. 5)—he has power over life and death.
lictores summovent turbam (Liv. 4. 50)—the lictors clear the way.
fasces praeferre, summittere—to walk before with the fasces; to lower the fasces.
censores censent populum—the censors hold a census of the people.
censum habere, agere (Liv. 3. 22)—to hold the census.
censuram agere, gerere—to perform the censors' duties.
locare aedes, vias faciendas (Phil. 9. 7. 16)—to receive tenders for the construction of temples, highroads.
locare opera publica—to let out public works to contract.
redimere, conducere porticum aedificandam (Div. 2. 21. 47)—to undertake a contract for building a portico.
nota, animadversio censoria—the reprimand of a censor.
notare aliquem ignominia (Cluent. 43. 119)—to brand a person with infamy.
censu prohibere, excludere—to strike off the burgess-roll.
tribu movere aliquem—to expel some one from his tribe.
e senatu eicere—to expel from the senate.
senatu movere—to expel from the senate.
lustrum condere (Liv. 1. 44. 2)—to complete the censorship (by certain formal purificatory ceremonies = lustro faciendo).
tribuni plebis sacrosancti (Liv. 3. 19. 10)—the plebeian tribunes, whose persons are inviolable.
appellare[3] tribunos plebis (in aliqua re a praetore) (Liv. 2. 55)—to appeal to the plebeian tribunes against a praetor's decision.
provocare[4] ad populum (Liv. 2. 55)—to appeal to the people.
intercessio tribunicia (cf. sect. XIV. 5)—the tribunicial veto.
[1] creare is used of any magistrate regularly elected. The locus classicus on this subject is Cic. De Leg. 3. 3. 6-12.
[2] This formula conferred absolute power on the consuls. This was done only in cases of great emergency, and was somewhat similar to our "declaration of martial law."
[3] appellare as a legal technical term only occurs in classical Latin in the formula te, vos appello.
[4] provocare only with proper names, e.g. ad Catonem provocare. To appeal to some one's pity, etc. = implorare alicuius misericordiam, fidem, etc.
14. The Senate
publicum consilium (Phil. 7.7. 19)—the council of the nation; the senate.
in senatum legere,[1] eligere—to elect to the senate.
senatum vocare, convocare—to call a meeting of the senate.
senatum cogere (Liv. 3. 39)—to assemble the senate.
edicere,[2] ut senatus frequens adsit (Fam. 11. 6. 2)—to issue a proclamation calling on the senators to assemble in full force.
senatum habere—to hold a sitting of the senate.
ad senatum referre[3] (Cic. Dom. 53. 136)—to bring a question before the senate (of the presiding magistrate).
patres (senatum) consulere de aliqua re (Sall. Iug. 28)—to consult the senators on a matter.
sententiam rogare, interrogare—to ask the opinion of...
sententiam dicere—to give an opinion (also used of a judge, cf. sect. VI. 4).
senatus sententia inclīnat ad... (De Sen. 6. 16)—the senate inclines to the opinion, decides for...
sententia vincit (Liv. 2. 4. 3)—the majority were of the opinion...
maior pars—the majority.
quid censes? quid tibi videtur?—what is your opinion?
quid de ea re fieri placet?—what is your opinion?
discessionem facere (Sest. 34. 74)—to take the vote (by division).
discedere (pedibus), ire in alicuius sententiam[4] (Liv. 23. 10)—to vote for some one's motion.
senatus decrevit (populusque iussit) ut—the senate decreed (and the people ratified the decree) that...
senatus consultum fit (Att. 2. 24. 3)—a resolution of the senate (not opposed by a tribunicial veto) was made.
senatus auctoritas—the opinion of the senate in general.
senatum alicui dare (Q. Fr. 2. 11. 2)—to give a man audience before the senate.
a senatu res ad populum reicitur—a matter is referred (for decision) from the senate to the people.
dicendi mora diem extrahere, eximere, tollere—to pass the whole day in discussion.
dimittere senatum[5]—to dismiss the senate.
nox senatum dirimit—night breaks up the sitting.
[1] Distinct from senatum legere = to read over and revise the list of senators (used of the censors). The head of the list was called princeps senatus.
[2] edicere, edictum, technical terms; edicere is used of the praetor deciding how a case is to be tried, cf. Verr. 2. 1. 41; Flacc. 28. 67. Then more generally of an order, declaration, proclamation. The senate was convened by the praeco or by means of a notice posted in some public place (edictum).
[3] A meeting of the senate opened by a declaration of the agenda by the presiding magistrate, a consul, praetor, or tribune. This was called referre ad senatum.
[4] After the rogatio sententiarum came the voting, usually by division (per discessionem, pedibus ire in sententiam), but in cases of doubt each member was asked his opinion (per singulorum sententias exquisitas). The presiding officer then dismissed the meeting with the words nihil vos moramur, patres conscripti, "I need not detain you any longer." From this formula probably came the colloquial uses—(1) "I do not care for...," "I have no interest in..." (with the Acc.); (2) "I have nothing against...," "you have my consent to..." (with the Acc. and Inf. or quominus).
[5] id.
XV. Law and Justice
1. Law in General
ius dicere—to administer justice (said of the praetor).
ius reddere (Liv. 3. 33)—to administer justice (said of the praetor).
ius suum persequi—to assert one's right.
ius suum adipisci (Liv. 1. 32. 10)—to obtain justice.
ius suum tenere, obtinere—to maintain one's right.
de iure suo decedere or cedere—to waive one's right.
(ex) iure, lege agere cum aliquo—to go to law with a person.
summo iure agere cum aliquo (cf. summum ius, summa iniuria)—to proceed against some one with the utmost rigour of the law; to strain the law in one's favour.
in ius, in iudicium vocare aliquem—to summon some one before the court.
diem dicere alicui—to summon some one to appear on a given day; to accuse a person.
in iudicium venire, in iudicio adesse—to appear in court.
iudicia administrare—to have charge of the administration of justice.
iudicium exercere (vid. sect. V. 7, note The first...)—to administer justice; to judge (used of criminal cases before the praetor).
iudicio praeesse—to be president of a court.
conventus agere (B. G. 1. 54)—to convene the assizes (used of a provincial governor).
quaestiones perpetuae (Brut. 27. 106)—the standing commissions of inquiry.
aliquem in integrum (vid. sect. V. 4, note The proper...) restituere—to reinstate a person in his right.
(1) respondere[1] (de iure or ius)—to give a legal opinion, decision on points of law.
(2) cavere (in iure) (Off. 2. 65)—to point out what precautions, what formal steps must be taken to insure immunity.
(3) agere—to be energetic in the conduct of the case; to plead before the judge.
aequum iudicem se alicui praebere—to judge some one equitably.
ex aequo et bono (Caecin. 23. 65)—justly and equitably.
iudex incorruptus—an impartial judge.
ratio iudiciorum—judicial organisation.
aequa iuris descriptio (Off. 2. 4. 15)—a sound judicial system.
aequo iure vivere cum aliquo—to live with some one on an equal footing.
iustitium indicere, edicere (Phil. 5. 12)—to proclaim that the courts are closed, a cessation of legal business.
iustitium remittere—to re-open the courts.
ius ad artem redigere—to reduce law to a system.
ius nullum—absence of justice.
ius ac fas omne delere—to trample all law under foot.
omnia iura pervertere—to trample all law under foot.
contra ius fasque—against all law, human and divine.
optimo iure—with full right.
ius praecipuum, beneficium, donum, also immunitas[2] c. Gen.—prerogative, privilege.
[1] In full consulenti respondere. From this consultation lawyers got the title iuris or iure consulti. In these three points, respondere, cavere, agere, consisted the practical duty of a jurist. Cicero, however (De Or. 1. 48), adds scribere = to draw up legal instruments such as wills, contracts, etc.
[2] privilegium in this sense is post-classical. In classical prose it denotes a law passed for or against an individual (privus), e.g. privilegium ferre, irrogare de aliquo (Cic.)
2. Inquiry—Testimony—Torture
aliquid, causam cognoscere—to hold an inquiry into a matter.
quaerere aliquid or de aliqua re—to hold an inquiry into a matter.
quaestionem habere de aliquo, de aliqua re or in aliquem—to examine a person, a matter.
quaestioni praeesse—to preside over an inquiry.
quaesītor—the examining judge.
incognita causa (cf. sect. XV. 3, indicta causa)—without any examination.
in tabulas publicas referre aliquid—to enter a thing in the public records.
deprehendere aliquem (in aliqua re)—to catch a person, find him out.
deprehendere aliquem in manifesto scelere—to take a person in the act.
testis gravis—an important witness.
testis locuples—a witness worthy of all credit.
testis incorruptus atque integer—an impartial witness.
aliquem testem alicuius rei (in aliquid) citare—to cite a person to give evidence on a matter.
aliquem testem adhibere—to use some one's evidence.
aliquo teste uti—to use some one's evidence.
aliquem testem dare, edere, proferre—to produce as a witness.
aliquem testem producere—to produce as a witness.
testem prodire (in aliquem)—to appear as witness against a person.
testimonium dicere pro aliquo—to give evidence on some one's behalf.
pro testimonio dicere—to state as evidence.
testibus teneri, convictum esse—to be convicted by some one's evidence.
alicui admovere tormenta—to have a person tortured.
quaerere tormentis de aliquo—to have a person tortured.
de servis quaerere (in dominum)—to examine slaves by torture.
cruciatūs tormentorum—the pains of torture.
aliquem a ceteris separare et in arcam conicere ne quis cum eo colloqui possit (Mil. 22. 60)—to isolate a witness.
3. Process—Defence
causa privata—a civil case.
causa publica (Brut. 48. 178)—a criminal case.
causam alicuius agere (apud iudicem)—to conduct a person's case (said of an agent, solicitor).
causam dicere, orare (Brut. 12. 47)—to address the court (of the advocate).
causam dicere—to defend oneself before the judge (of the accused).
causam dicere pro aliquo—to defend a person.
causam alicuius defendere—to conduct some one's defence in a case.
causam optimam habere (Lig. 4. 10)—to have a good case.
causam inferiorem dicendo reddere superiorem (λόγον κρείττω ποιειν) (Brut. 8. 30)—to gain a weak case by clever pleading.
patronus[1] (causae) (De Or. 2. 69)—counsel; advocate.
causam suscipere—to undertake a case.
ad causam aggredi or accedere—to undertake a case.
indicta causa (opp. cognita causa)—without going to law.
litem alicui intendere—to go to law with, sue a person.
adhuc sub iudice lis est (Hor. A. P. 77)—the case is still undecided.
lites componere (Verg. Ecl. 3. 108)—to arrange a dispute (by arbitration).
causam or litem obtinere—to win a case.
causā or iudicio vincere—to win a case.
causam or litem amittere, perdere—to lose one's case.
causā or lite cadere (owing to some informality)—to lose one's case.
calumniae litium (Mil. 27. 74)—chicanery (specially of wrongfully accusing an innocent man).
[1] They were not called advocati till under the Empire. In Augustan Latin advocatus = amicus qui adest alicui (in iudicio), i.e. a man who supported his friend by his presence and influence.
4. Accusation—Verdict—Decision
accusatio (Cael. 3. 6)—a criminal accusation.
actio, petitio—a private, civil prosecution.
nomen alicuius deferre (apud praetorem) (Verr. 2. 38. 94)—to accuse, denounce a person.
referre in reos aliquem—to put some one on the list of the accused.
eximere de reis aliquem—to strike a person's name off the list of the accused.
aliquis reus fit (Fam. 13. 54)—some one is accused.
iudices reicere (Verr. 3. 11. 28)—to challenge, reject jurymen.
crimina diluere, dissolvere—to refute charges.
accusare aliquem rei capitalis (rerum capitalium)—to charge some one with a capital offence.
caput alicuius agitur (vid. sect. V. 8)—a person's life is in jeopardy.
accusare aliquem peculatus, pecuniae publicae—to accuse some one of malversation, embezzlement of public money.
accusare aliquem falsarum tabularum[1]—to accuse a person of forging the archives.
postulare aliquem repetundarum[2] or de repetundis—to accuse a person of extortion (to recover the sums extorted).
accusare aliquem perduellionis—to charge a person with treason (hostile conduct against the state generally).
accusare aliquem maiestatis—to accuse a person of high treason (more specific than the preceding).
accusare aliquem ambitus, de ambitu—to accuse some one of illegal canvassing.
accusare aliquem de vi, de veneficiis—to accuse a person of violence, poisoning.
accusare aliquem inter sicarios (Rosc. Am. 32. 90)—to accuse a person of assassination.
sententiae iudicum—the finding of the jury.
sententiam ferre, dicere (Off. 3. 16. 66)—to give sentence (of the judge, cf. sect. VI. 4, note Not...).
iudicare causam (de aliqua re)—to decide on the conduct of the case.
iudicium rescindere—to rescind a decision.
res iudicatas rescindere (Cic. Sull. 22. 63)—to rescind a decision.
lege Plautia damnari (Sall. Cat. 31. 4)—to be condemned under the Lex Plautia.
[1] Cf. tabulas publicas corrumpere (Rosc. Am. 128); commutare, to falsify public records.
[2] Extortion generally can be rendered by violenta exactio pecuniarum, or some verbal periphrasis (e.g. per vim capere pecunias, etc.)
5. Guilt
in culpa esse—to be at fault; to blame; culpable.
culpa alicuius rei est in aliquo—some one is to blame in a matter; it is some one's fault.
mea culpa est—it is my fault.
culpa carere, vacare—to be free from blame.
extra culpam esse—to be free from blame.
abesse a culpa—to be free from blame.
prope abesse a culpa—to be almost culpable.
affinem esse culpae—to be almost culpable.
culpam in aliquem conferre, transferre, conicere—to put the blame on another.
culpam alicui attribuere, assignare—to attribute the fault to some one.
aliquid alicui crimini dare, vitio vertere (Verr. 5. 50)—to reproach, blame a person for...
culpam committere, contrahere—to commit some blameworthy action.
facinus, culpam in se admittere—to commit some blameworthy action.
non committere, ut...—to take care not to...
culpam alicuius rei sustinere—to bear the blame of a thing.
culpam a se amovere[1]—to exonerate oneself from blame.
veniam dare alicui—to pardon a person.
[1] Note purgare aliquid, to justify oneself in a matter; se alicui purgare de aliqua re (Fam. 12. 25); alicui purgatum esse (B. G. 1. 28).
6. Punishment—Acquittal
poena afficere aliquem (Off. 2. 5. 18)—to punish some one.
animadvertere in aliquem—to punish some one.
punire aliquem—to punish some one.
ulcisci aliquem (pro aliqua re)—to punish some one.
poenas alicuius persequi—to exact a penalty from some one.
poenam petere, repetere ab aliquo—to exact a penalty from some one.
poenas expetere ab aliquo—to exact a penalty from some one.
supplicium sumere de aliquo—to exact a penalty from some one.
hanc poenam constituere in aliquem, ut...—to ordain as punishment that...
graviter consulere in aliquem (Liv. 8. 13)—to deal severely with a person.
poenas (graves) dare alicui—to be (heavily) punished by some one.
poenas alicui pendere (alicuius rei)—to be punished by some one (on account of a thing).
poenas dependere, expendere, solvere, persolvere—to suffer punishment.
poenam (alicuius rei) ferre, perferre—to suffer punishment.
poenam luere (alicuius rei) (Sull. 27. 76)—to be punished for a thing, expiate it.
luere[1] aliquid aliqua re (De Sen. 20)—to atone for something by...
poenam subire—to submit to a punishment.
pecunia multare aliquem—to condemn some one to a fine.
multam irrogare alicui (Cic. Dom. 17. 45)—to impose a fine (used of the prosecutor or the tribunus plebis proposing a fine to be ratified by the people).
decem milibus aeris damnari—to be fined 10,000 asses.
in vincula (custodiam) dare aliquem—to put some one in irons, chains.
in vincula, in catenas conicere aliquem—to put some one in irons, chains.
in carcerem conicere aliquem—to throw some one into prison.
capitis or capite damnare aliquem—to condemn some one to death.
capitis absolvere aliquem—to repeal a death-sentence passed on a person.
supplicium alicui decernere, in aliquem constituere—to decree the penalty of death.
Solo capite sanxit, si quis... (Att. 10. 1)—Solon made it a capital offence to...
morte multare aliquem (Catil. 1. 11. 28)—to punish any one with death.
supplicium sumere de aliquo—to execute the death-sentence on a person.
supplicio (capitis) affici—to suffer capital punishment.
ad palum deligare (Liv. 2. 5)—to bind to the stake.
virgis caedere—to beat with rods.
securi percutere, ferire aliquem—to execute a person, cut off his head.
in crucem agere, tollere aliquem—to crucify.
cruci suffigere aliquem—to crucify.
impune fecisse, tulisse aliquid—to go unpunished.
impunitum aliquem dimittere—to let a person go scot-free.
mortem[2] deprecari (B. G. 7. 40. 6)—to beg for life.
[1] To express the passive use expiari, e.g. scelus supplicio expiatum.
[2] One can also say vitam, salutem deprecari, as deprecari means (1) to obtain by supplication, (2) to avert by supplication.
XVI. War
1. Levies—Military Oath—Armies in General
aetas militaris—military age.
qui arma ferre possunt or iuventus—men of military age.
qui per aetatem arma ferre non possunt or aetate ad bellum inutiles—men exempt from service owing to age.
exercitum conficere (Imp. Pomp. 21. 61)—to raise an army.
milites (exercitum) scribere, conscribere—to levy troops.
dilectum habere—to hold a levy.
imperare milites civitatibus—to compel communities to provide troops.
nomen (nomina) dare, profiteri—to enlist oneself.
ad nomen non respondere (Liv. 7. 4)—to fail to answer one's name.
militiam (only in the sing.) capessere—to take service in the army.
militiam detrectare, subterfugere—to try to avoid military service.
excusare morbum, valetudinem—to plead ill-health as an excuse for absence.
militiae vacationem habere—to be excused military duty.
equo, pedibus merere (Liv. 27. 11)—to serve in the cavalry, infantry.
sacramentum (o) dicere (vid. sect. XI. 2, note sacramentum...)—to take the military oath.
milites sacramento rogare, adigere—to make soldiers take the military oath.
evocare undique copias—to call up troops from all sides.
evocati, voluntarii (B. G. 5. 56)—the volunteers.
omnes ad arma convocare—to issue a general call to arms.
efficere duas legiones—to form two legions.
complere legiones (B. C. 1. 25)—to fill up the numbers of the legions.
supplementum cogere, scribere, legere—to levy recruits to fill up the strength.
auxilia[1] arcessere—to summon auxiliary troops.
copias (arma) cum aliquo iungere or se cum aliquo iungere—to join forces with some one.
conducere, contrahere copias—to concentrate troops.
cogere omnes copias in unum locum—to concentrate all the troops at one point.
parare exercitum, copias—to equip an army, troops.
alere exercitum (Off. 1. 8. 25)—to support an army.
recensere, lustrare, recognoscere exercitum (Liv. 42. 31)—to review an army.
dimittere exercitum—to disband an army.
commeatum militibus dare (opp. petere)—to give furlough, leave of absence to soldiers.
magnae copiae (not multae)—a large force, many troops.
exiguae copiae (Fam. 3. 3. 2)—a small force.
ingens, maximus exercitus (not numerosus)—a numerous army.
robora peditum—the flower of the infantry.
milites levis armaturae—light infantry.
vetus miles, veteranus miles—veterans; experienced troops.
qui magnum in castris usum habent—veterans; experienced troops.
expeditus (opp. impeditus) miles—a soldier lightly armed, ready for battle.
exercitatus in armis—practised in arms.
milites tumultuarii[2] (opp. exercitus iustus) (Liv. 35. 2)—soldiers collected in haste; irregulars.
tirones—recruits.
[1] auxilia = auxiliary troops raised in the provinces, usually light cavalry. In Caesar's army the cavalry consisted of Gaulish, Spanish, and German auxiliaries. A thousand of these were attached to each legion and were usually commanded by a Roman officer.
[2] tumultus is used of a sudden rising, rebellion, to repress which all able-bodied men were called to arms. Such risings were particularly common in Gaul, but cf. tumultus servilis (B. G. 1. 10)—; tumultus Istricus (Liv. 41. 6. 1).
2. Pay—Service—Commissariat
stipendium[1] dare, numerare, persolvere militibus—to pay the troops.
stipendia facere, merere—to serve.
emeritis stipendiis (Sall. Iug. 84. 2)—after having completed one's service.
militia functum, perfunctum esse—to retire from service.
rude donatum esse[2] (Phil. 2. 29)—to retire from service.
milites mercennarii or exercitus conducticius—mercenary troops.
rem frumentariam comparare, providere—to look after the commissariat.
rei frumentariae prospicere (B. G. 1. 23)—to look after the commissariat.
frumentum providere exercitui—to provide corn-supplies for the troops.
frumenti vim maximam comparare—to procure a very large supply of corn.
intercludere commeatum—to cut off the supplies, intercept them.
intercludere, prohibere hostes commeatu—to cut off all supplies of the enemy.
[1] stipendium first established in 406 B.C.; it was paid at the end of the campaign, hence stipendia often = campaigns, years of service.
[2] Used originally of gladiators, who on their retirement received a staff or wooden sword (rudis), hence they were called rudiarii. Cf. Ov. Tr. 4. 8. 24 me quoque donari iam rude tempus erat.
3. Command—Discipline
praeficere aliquem exercitui—to place some one at the head of an army, give him the command.
praeficere aliquem bello gerendo—to charge some one with the conduct of a war.
praeesse exercitui—to be at the head of an army.
magnum usum in re militari habere (Sest. 5. 12)—to possess great experience in military matters.
rei militaris rudem esse—to have had no experience in war.
vir fortissimus—a hero.
magnas res gerere—to perform heroic exploits.
res fortiter feliciterque gesta—a success; a glorious feat of arms.
res bene gesta—a success; a glorious feat of arms.
res gestae[1]—exploits in war; brilliant actions.
summa belli, imperii (B. G. 2. 4. 7)—the command-in-chief.
cum imperio esse—to hold a high command.
imperii summam tenere (Rep. 2. 28)—to be commander-in-chief.
imperii summae praeesse—to be commander-in-chief.
imperii summam deferre alicui or ad aliquem, tradere alicui—to appoint some one commander-in-chief.
imperium transfertur ad aliquem (not transit)—the command is transferred, passes to some one.
imperium alicui abrogare (Off.3. 10)—to depose a person from his command.
modestia[2] (opp. immodestia)—discipline (insubordination).
dicto audientem esse alicui—to obey a person's orders.
milites disciplina coercere—to keep good discipline amongst one's men.
milites coercere et in officio continere (B. C. 1. 67. 4)—to keep good discipline amongst one's men.
[1] Thus magnae, memorabiles, praestantissimae res gestae, and also meae, tuae, suae, etc. The phrase rem gerere can be used either of the combat (proelium) or the whole war (bellum), cf. B. G. 5. 44. 11; Off. 3. 108.
[2] modestia, the character of the man who observes a mean (qui servat modum), is used morally of self-restraint, moderation (σωφροσύνη). In politics it means loyalty; in the army, discipline.
4. Weapons
arma capere, sumere—to take up one's arms.
arma expedire (Tusc. 2. 16. 37)—to make ready for battle.
galeam induere—to put on one's helmet.
armis (castris) exuere aliquem—to disarm a person.
arma ponere (not deponere)—to pile arms (cf. sect. XII. 3, note vestem deponere...).
ab armis discedere (Phil. 11. 33)—to lay down arms.
in armis esse—to be under arms.
cum telo esse—to be armed.
extorquere arma e manibus—to wrest weapons from some one's hands.
res ad arma venit—matters have reached the fighting-stage.
tela iacere, conicere, mittere—to discharge missiles.
extra teli iactum, coniectum esse—to be out of range.
ad teli coniectum venire (Liv. 2. 31)—to come within javelin-range.
se obicere telis—to expose oneself to missiles.
eminus hastis, comminus gladiis uti—to use javelins at a distance, swords at close quarters.
gladium educere (e vagīna)—to draw one's sword (from the scabbard).
gladium in vaginam recondere—to sheath one's sword.
gladium stringere, destringere—to draw one's sword.
gladium alicui in pectus infigere—to plunge one's sword in some one's breast.
gladio aliquem per pectus transfigere (Liv. 2. 46)—to transfix, pierce a man's breast with one's sword.
sicam, cultrum in corde alicuius defigere[1] (Liv. 1. 58)—to plunge a dagger, knife in some one's heart.
decurrere (in armis)—to manœuvre.
vi et armis—by force of arms.
[1] defigere is also used metaphorically, e.g. defigere omnes curas, cogitationes in rei publicae salute (Phil. 14. 5. 13).
5. War
bellum parare—to make preparations for war.
apparatus (rare in plur.) belli—preparations for war; war-material.
bellum indīcere, denuntiare—to make formal declaration of war.
res repetere (ab aliquo) (Off. 1. 11. 36)—to demand satisfaction, restitution.
res reddere (alicui) (cf. sect. V. 11)—to make restitution.
bellum iustum (pium)—a regular, formal war.
bellum intestinum, domesticum (opp. bellum externum)—a civil war.
bellum facere, movere, excitare—to cause a war.
bellum conflare (Fam. 5. 2. 8)—to kindle a war.
bellum moliri—to meditate war.
bellum incipere, belli initium facere (B. G. 7. 1. 5)—to commence hostilities.
bello se interponere (Liv. 35. 48)—to interfere in a war.
bello implicari—to be involved in a war.
bellum cum aliquo inire—to begin a war with some one.
bellum impendet, imminet, instat—a war is imminent.
bellum oritur, exardescit—war breaks out.
omnia bello flagrant or ardent (Fam. 4. 1. 2)—everywhere the torch of war is flaming.
bellum gerere cum aliquo—to make war on a person.
bellum coniungere (Imp. Pomp. 9. 26)—to wage war in conjunction with some one.
bellum ducere, trahere, extrahere—to protract, prolong a war.
omni studio in (ad) bellum incumbere—to carry on a war energetically.
bellum inferre alicui (Att. 9. 1. 3)—to invade.
bellum or arma ultro inferre—to be the aggressor in a war; to act on the offensive.
bellum (inlatum) defendere—to act on the defensive.
proficisci ad bellum, in expeditionem (Sall. Iug. 103)—to go to war, commence a campaign.
mittere ad bellum—to send to the war.
bellum administrare—to have the control of the war.
bello persequi aliquem, lacessere—to harass with war.
belli finem facere, bellum finire—to put an end to war.
bellum conficere, perficere—to terminate a war (by force of arms and defeat of one's opponents).
bellum componere (Fam. 10. 33)—to terminate a war (by a treaty, etc.)
bellum transferre alio, in...—to transfer the seat of war elsewhere.
belli sedes (Liv. 4. 31)—the seat of war, theatre of operations.
rationem belli gerendi mutare (Liv. 32. 31)—to change one's tactics.