Fundamental Probabilistic Models
Lévesque measure on [0, 1] and on r (cont.):
1. We start by considering the sample space Ω = (0, 1], which is slightly more convenient than the sample space [0, 1].
2. 2.1 A σ-field and a field of subsets of (0, 1] Consider the collection C of all intervals [a, b] contained in (0, 1], and let F be the σ-field generated by C.
a. Sets in this σ-field are called Borel sets or Borel measurable sets. Any set that can be formed by starting with intervals [a, b] and using a countable number of set-theoretic operations (taking complements, or forming count able unions and intersections of previously formed sets) is a Borel set. For example, it can be verified that single-element sets, {a}, are Borel sets. Furthermore, intervals (a, b] are also Borel sets since they are of the form [a, b] \ {a}. Every
b. countable set is also a Borel set, since it is the union of countably many single element sets. In particular, the set of rational numbers in (0, 1], as well as its complement, the set of irrational numbers in (0, 1], is a Borel set. While Borel sets can be fairly complicated, not every set is a Borel set; see Sections 5-6. Directly defining a probability measure for all Borel sets directly is difficult, so we start by considering a smaller collection, F0, of subsets of (0, 1]. We let F0 consist of the empty set and all sets that are finite unions of intervals of the form (a, b]. In more detail, if a set A ∈F0 is nonempty, it is of the form
Lemma 1. We have σ (F0) = σ(C) = B.
Proof. We have already argued that every interval of the form (a, b] is a Borel set. Hence, a typical element of F0 (a finite union of such intervals) is also a Borel set. Therefore, F0 ⊂B, which implies that σ (F0) ⊂σ (B) = B. (The last equality holds because B is already a σ-field and is therefore equal to the smallest σ-field that contains B.) Note that for a > 0, (a−1/n, b]. Since (a−1/n, b] ∈
F0 ⊂σ (F0), it follows that [a, b] ∈σ (F0). Thus, C ⊂σ (F0), which implies that
B = σ(C) ⊂σ (F0) = σ (F0) ⊂B.
The first equality in the statement of the proposition follows. Finally, the equality σ(C) = B is just the definition of B.
Lemma 2.
(a) The collection F0 is a field.
(b) The collection F0 is not an σ-field.
Proof.
(a) By definition, Ø ∈F0. Note that Øc= (0, 1] ∈F0. More generally, if A is of the form A = (a1, b1]∪···∪(an, bn], its complement is (0, a1]∪(b1, a2]∪· · · ∪(bn, 1], which is also in F0. Furthermore, the union of two sets that are unions of finitely many intervals of the form (a, b] is also a union of finitely many such intervals. For example, if A = (1/8, 2/8] ∪(4/8, 7/8] and B = (3/8, 5/8], then A ∪B = (1/8, 2/8] ∪(3/8, 7/8].
(b) To see that F0 is not a σ-field, note that (0, n/(n 1)] ∈F0, for every n ∈N, but the union of these sets, which is (0, 1), does not belong to F0.