Body, the, not self-sufficing, 1. 341 E; excessive care of, inimical to virtue, 3. 407 (cp. 9. 591 D); has less truth and essence than the soul, 9. 585 D;
—harmony of body and soul, 3. 402 D.

Body, the, and the members, comparison of the state to, 5. 462 D, 464 B.

Boxing, 4. 422.

Brass (and iron) mingled by the God in the husbandmen and craftsmen, 3. 415 A (cp. 8. 547 A).

Breeding of animals, 5. 459.

Building, art of, 3. 401 A; 4. 438 C.

Burial of the guardians, 3. 414 A; 5. 465 E, 469 A; 7. 540 B [cp. Laws 12. 947]. 343

C.

Calculation, art of, corrects the illusions of sight, 10. 602 (cp. 7. 524); the talent for, accompanied by general quickness, 7. 526 B. Cp. Arithmetic.

Captain, parable of the deaf, 6. 488.

Carpentry, 4. 428 C.

Causes, final, argument from, applied to justice, 1. 352: 6. 491 E, 495 B;
—of crimes, 8. 552 D; 9. 575 A.

Cave, the image of the, 7. 514 foll., 532 (cp. 539 E).

Censorship of fiction, 2. 377; 3. 386–391, 401 A, 408 C; 10. 595 foll. [cp. Laws 7. 801, 811]; of the arts, 3. 401.

Ceos, Prodicus of, 10. 600 C.

Cephalus, father of Polemarchus, 1. 327 B; offers sacrifice, ib. 328 B, 331 D; his views on old age, ib. 328 E; his views on wealth, ib. 330 A foll.

Cephalus [of Clazomenae], 1. 330 B.

Cerberus, two natures in one, 9. 588 C.

Chance in war, 5. 467 E; blamed by men for their misfortunes, 10. 619 C.

Change in music, not to be allowed, 4. 424 [cp. Laws 7. 799].

Character, differences of, in men, 1. 329 D [cp. Pol. 307]; in women, 5. 456;
—affected by the imitation of unworthy objects, 3. 395;
—national character, 4. 435 [cp. Laws 5. 747]:
—great characters may be ruined by bad education, 6. 491 E, 495 B; 7. 519:
—faults of character, 6. 503 [cp. Theaet. 144 B].

Charmantides, the Paeanian, present at the dialogue, 1. 328 B.

Charondas, lawgiver of Italy and Sicily, 10. 599 E.

Cheese, 2. 372 C; 3. 405 E.

Cheiron, teacher of Achilles, 3. 391 C.

Children have spirit, but not reason, 4. 441 A; why under authority, 9. 590 E;
—in the state, 3. 415; 5. 450 E, 457 foll.; 8. 543; must not hear improper stories, 2. 377; 3. 391 C; must be reared amid fair sights and sounds, 3. 401; must receive education even in their plays, 4. 425 A; 7. 537 A [cp. Laws 1. 643 B]; must learn to ride, 5. 467 [cp. Laws 7. 804 C]; must go with their fathers and mothers into war, 5. 467; 7. 537 A:
—transfer of children from one class to another, 3. 415; 4. 423 D:
—exposure of children allowed, 5. 460 C, 461 C:
—illegitimate children, ib. 461 A.

Chimaera, two natures in one, 9. 588 C.

Chines, presented to the brave warrior, 5. 468 D.

Chryses, the priest of Apollo (Iliad i. 11 foll.), 3. 392 E foll.

Cithara, see Harp.

Citizens, the, of the best state, compared to a garrison of mercenaries (Adeimantus), 4. 419 (cp. 8. 543); will form one family, 5. 462 foll. See Guardians.

City, situation of the, 3. 415:
—the ‘city of pigs,’ 2. 372:
—the heavenly city, 9. 592:
—Cities, most, divided between rich and poor, 4. 422 E; 8. 551 E [cp. Laws 12. 945 E]:
—the game of cities, 4. 422 E. Cp. Constitution, State.

Classes, in the state, should be kept distinct, 2. 374; 3. 397 E, 415 A; 4. 421, 433 A, 434, 441 E, 443; 5. 453 (cp. 8. 552 A, and Laws 8. 846 E).

Cleitophon, the son of Aristonymus, present at the dialogue, 1. 328 B; interposes on behalf of Thrasymachus, ib. 340 A.

Cleverness, no match for honesty, 3. 409 C (cp. 10. 613 C); not often united with a steady character, 6. 344 503 [cp. Theaet. 144 B]; needs an ideal direction, 7. 519 [cp. Laws 7. 819 A].

Clotho, second of the fates, 10. 617 C, 620 E; sings of the present, ib. 617 C; the souls brought to her, ib. 620 E.

Colours, comparison of, 9. 585 A; contrast of, ib. 586 C;
—indelible colours, 4. 429:
—‘colours’ of poetry, 10. 601 A.

Comedy, cannot be allowed in the state, 3. 394 [cp. Laws 7. 816 D]; accustoms the mind to vulgarity, 10. 606;
—same actors cannot act both tragedy and comedy, 3. 395.

Common life in the state, 5. 458, 464 foll.;
—common meals of the guardians, 3. 416; common meals for women, 5. 458 D [cp. Laws 6. 781; 7. 806 E; 8. 839 D];
—common property among the guardians, 3. 416 E; 4. 420 A, 422 D; 5. 464; 8. 543.

Community of women and children, 3. 416; 5. 450 E, 457 foll., 462, 464; 8. 543 A [cp. Laws 5. 739 C];
—of property, 3. 416 E; 4. 420 A, 422 D; 5. 464; 8. 543;
—of feeling, 5. 464.

Community. [The communism of the Republic seems to have been suggested by Plato’s desire for the unity of the state (cp. 5. 462 foll.). If those ‘two small pestilent words, “meum” and “tuum,” which have engendered so much strife among men and created so much mischief in the world,’ could be banished from the lips and thoughts of mankind, the ideal state would soon be realized. The citizens would have parents, wives, children, and property in common; they would rejoice in each other’s prosperity, and sorrow at each other’s misfortune; they would call their rulers not ‘lords’ and ‘masters,’ but ‘friends’ and ‘saviours.’ Plato is aware that such a conception could hardly be carried out in this world; and he evades or adjourns, rather than solves, the difficulty by the famous assertion that only when the philosopher rules in the city will the ills of human life find an end [cp. Introduction, p. clxxiii]. In the Critias, where the ideal state, as Plato himself hints to us (110 D), is to some extent reproduced in an imaginary description of ancient Attica, property is common, but there is no mention of a community of wives and children. Finally in the Laws (5. 739), Plato while still maintaining the blessings of communism, recognizes the impossibility of its realization, and sets about the construction of a ‘second-best state’ in which the rights of property are conceded; although, according to Aristotle (Pol. ii. 6, § 4), he gradually reverts to the ideal polity in all except a few unimportant particulars.]

Conception, the, of truth by the philosopher, 6. 490 A.

Confidence and courage, 4. 430 B.

Confiscation of the property of the rich in democracies, 8. 565.

Constitution, the aristocratic, is the ideal state sketched in bk. iv (cp. 8. 544 E, 545 D);
—defective forms of constitution, 4. 445 B; 8. 544 [cp. Pol. 291 E foll.]; aristocracy (in the ordinary sense), 1. 338 D; timocracy or ‘Spartan polity,’ 8. 545 foll.; oligarchy, ib. 550 foll., 554 E; democracy, ib. 555 foll., 557 D; tyranny, ib. 544 C, 562. Cp. Government, State.

Contentiousness, a characteristic of timocracy, 8. 548.

Contracts, in some states not protected by law, 8. 556 A.

Contradiction, nature of, 4. 436; 10. 602 E; power of, 5. 454 A. 345

Convention, justice a matter of, 2. 359 A.

Conversation, should not be personal, 6. 500 B.

Conversion of the soul, 7. 518, 521, 525 [cp. Laws 12. 957 E].

Cookery, art of, employed in the definition of justice, 1. 332 C.

Corinthian courtesans, 3. 404 D.

Corpses, not to be spoiled, 5. 469.

Correlative and relative, qualifications of, 4. 437 foll. [cp. Gorg. 476]; how corrected, 7. 524.

Corruptio optimi pessima, 6. 491.

Corruption, the, of youth, not to be attributed to the Sophists, but to public opinion, 6. 492 A.

Courage, required in the guardians, 2. 375; 3. 386, 413 E, 416 E; 4. 429; 6. 503 E; inconsistent with the fear of death, 3. 386; 6. 486 A; = the preservation of a right opinion about objects of fear, 4. 429, 442 B (cp. 2. 376, and Laches 193, 195); distinguished from fearlessness, 4. 430 B; one of the philosopher’s virtues, 6. 486 A, 490 E, 494 A:
—the courageous temper averse to intellectual toil, ib. 503 D [cp. Pol. 306, 307].

Courtesans, 3. 404 D.

Covetousness, not found in the philosopher, 6. 485 E; characteristic of timocracy and oligarchy, 8. 548, 553; = the appetitive element of the soul, 9. 581 A.

Cowardice in war, to be punished, 5. 468 A; not found in the philosopher, 6. 486 B.

Creophylus, ‘the child of flesh,’ companion of Homer, 10. 600 B.

Crete, government of, generally applauded, 8. 544 C; a timocracy, ib. 545 B;
—Cretans, naked exercises among, 5. 452 C; call their country ‘mother-land,’ 9. 575 E;
—Cretic rhythm, 3. 400 B.

Crimes, great and small, differently estimated by mankind, 1. 344 (cp. 348 D); causes of, 6. 491 E, 495 B; 8. 552 D; 9. 575 A.

Criminals, are usually men of great character spoiled by bad education, 6. 491 E, 495 B; numerous in oligarchies, 8. 552 D.

Croesus, 2. 359 C; ‘as the oracle said to Croesus,’ 8. 566 C.

Cronos, ill treated by Zeus, 2. 377 E; his behaviour to Uranus, ibid.

Cunning man, the, no match for the virtuous, 3. 409 D.

Cycles, recurrence of, in nature, 8. 546 A [cp. Tim. 22 C; Crit. 109 D; Pol. 269 foll.; Laws 3. 677].

D.

Dactylic metre, 3. 400 C.

Daedalus, beauty of his works, 7. 529 E.

Damon, an authority on rhythm, 3. 400 B (cp. 4. 424 C).

Dancing (in education), 3. 412 B.

Day-dreams, 5. 458 A, 476 C.

Dead (in battle) not to be stripped, 5. 469; judgment of the dead, 10. 615.

Death, the approach of, brings no terror to the aged, 1. 330 E; the guardians must have no fear of, 3. 386, 387 (cp. 6. 486 C); preferable to slavery, 3. 387 A.

Debts, abolition of, proclaimed by demagogues, 8. 565 E, 566 E.

Delphi, religion left to the god at, 4. 427 A (cp. 5. 461 E, 469 A; 7. 540 B).

Demagogues, 8. 564, 565.

Democracy, 1. 338 D; spoken of under the parable of the captain and the mutinous crew, 6. 488; democracy and philosophy, ib. 494, 500; the third form of imperfect state, 8. 544 [cp. Pol. 291, 292]; detailed account of, ib. 555 foll.; characterised by freedom, ib. 557 B, 561–563; a ‘bazaar of constitutions,’ ib. 557 D; the 346 humours of democracy, ib. E, 561; elements contained in, ib. 564.
—democracy in animals, ib. 563:
—the democratical man, ib. 558, 559 foll., 561, 562; 9. 572; his place in regard to pleasure, 9. 587.

Desire, has a relaxing effect on the soul, 4. 430 A; the conflict of desire and reason, 4. 440 [cp. Phaedr. 253 foll.; Tim. 70 A];
—the desires divided into simple and qualified, 4. 437 foll.; into necessary and unnecessary, 8. 559.

Despots (masters), 5. 463 A. See Tyrant.

Destiny, the, of man in his own power, 10. 617 E.

Dialectic, the most difficult branch of philosophy, 6. 498; objects of, ib. 511; 7. 537 D; proceeds by a double method, 6. 511; compared to sight, 7. 532 A; capable of attaining to the idea of good, ibid.; gives firmness to hypotheses, ib. 533; the coping stone of the sciences, ib. 534 [cp. Phil. 57]; must be studied by the rulers, ib. 537; dangers of the study, ibid.; years to be spent in, ib. 539; distinguished from eristic, ib. D (cp. 5. 454 A; 6. 499 A):
—the dialectician has a conception of essence, 7. 534 [cp. Phaedo 75 D].

Dialectic. [Dialectic, the ‘coping stone of knowledge,’ is everywhere distinguished by Plato from eristic, i.e., argument for argument’s sake [cp. Euthyd. 275 foll., 293; Meno 75 D; Phaedo 101; Phil. 17; Theaet. 167 E]. It is that ‘gift of heaven’ (Phil. 16) which teaches men to employ the hypotheses of science, not as final results, but as points from which the mind may rise into the higher heaven of ideas and behold truth and being. This vague and magnificent conception was probably hardly clearer to Plato himself when he wrote the Republic than it is to us [cp. Introduction, p. xcii.]; but in the Sophist and Statesman it appears in a more definite form as a combination of analysis and synthesis by which we arrive at a true notion of things. [Cp. the ὑφηγημένη μεθόδος of Aristotle (Pol. i. 1, § 3; 8, § 1), which is an analogous mode of proceeding from the parts to the whole.] In the Laws dialectic no longer occupies a prominent place; it is the ‘old man’s harmless amusement’ (7. 820 C), or, regarded more seriously, the method of discussion by question and answer, which is abused by the natural philosophers to disprove the existence of the Gods (10. 891).]

Dice (κύβοι), 10. 604 C; skill required in dice-playing, 2. 374 C.

Diet, 3. 404; 8. 559 C [cp. Tim. 89].

Differences, accidental and essential, 5. 454.

Diomede, his command to the Greeks (Iliad iv. 412), 3. 389 E; ‘necessity of,’ (proverb), 6. 493 D.

Dionysiac festival (at Athens), 5. 475 D.

Discord, causes of, 5. 462; 8. 547 A, 556 E; the ruin of states, 5. 462; distinguished from war, ib. 470 [cp. Laws 1. 628, 629].

Discourse, love of, 1. 328 A; 5. 450 B; increases in old age, 1. 328 D; pleasure of, in the other world, 6. 498 D [cp. Apol. 41].

Disease, origin of, 3. 404; the right treatment of, ib. 405 foll.; the physician must have experience of, in his own person, ib. 408; disease and vice compared, 4. 444; 10. 609 foll. [cp. Soph. 228; Pol. 296; Laws 10. 347 906]; inherent in everything, 10. 609.

Dishonesty, thought by men to be more profitable than honesty, 2. 364 A.

Dithyrambic poetry, nature of, 3. 394 B.

Diversities of natural gifts, 2. 370; 5. 455; 7. 535 A.

Division of labour, 2. 370, 374 A; 3. 394 E, 395 B, 397 E; 4. 423 E, 433 A, 435 A, 441 E, 443, 453 B; a part of justice, 4. 433, 435 A, 441 E (cp. supra 1. 332, 349, 350, and Laws 8. 846 C);
—of lands, proclaimed by the would-be tyrant, 8. 565 E, 566 E.

Doctors, flourish when luxury increases in the state, 2. 373 C; 3. 405 A; two kinds of, 5. 459 C [cp. Laws 4. 720; 9. 857 D]. Cp. Physician.

Dog, Socrates’ oath by the, 3. 399 E; 8. 567 E; 9. 592;
—dogs are philosophers, 2. 376; the guardians the watch-dogs of the state, ibid.; 4. 440 D; 5. 451 D; breeding of dogs, 5. 459.

Dolphin, Arion’s, 5. 453 E.

Dorian harmony, allowed, with the Phrygian, in the state, 3. 399 A.

Draughts, 1. 333 A; skill required in, 2. 374 C;
—comparison of an argument to a game of draughts, 6. 487 C.

Dreams, an indication of the bestial element in human nature, 9. 571, 572, 574 E.

Drones, the, 8. 552, 554 C, 555 E, 559 C, 564 B, 567 E; 9. 573 A [cp. Laws 10. 901 A].

Drunkenness, in heaven, 2. 363 D; forbidden in the guardians, 3. 398 E, 403 E;
—the drunken man apt to be tyrannical, 8. 573 C. Cp. Intoxication.

Dyeing, 4. 429 D.

E.

Early society, 2. 359.

Eating, pleasure accompanying, 8. 559.

Education, commonly divided into gymnastic for the body and music for the soul, 2. 376 E, 403 (see Gymnastic, Music, and cp. Laws 7. 795 E); both music and gymnastic really designed for the soul, 3. 410:
—use of fiction in, 2. 377 foll.; 3. 391; the poets bad educators, 2. 377; 3. 391, 392, 408 B; 10. 600, 606 E, 607 B [cp. Laws 10. 886 C, 890 A]; must be simple, 3. 397, 404 E; melody in, ib. 398 foll.; mimetic art in, ib. 399; importance of good surroundings, ib. 401; influence of, on manners, 4. 424, 425; innovation in, dangerous, ibid.; early, should be given through amusement, ib. 425 A; 7. 536 E [cp. Laws 1. 643 B]; ought to be the same for men and women, 5. 451 foll., 466; dangerous when ill-directed, 6. 491; not a process of acquisition, but the use of powers already existing in us, 7. 518; not to be compulsory, ib. 537 A;
—education of the guardians, 2. 376 foll.; 4. 429, 430; 7. 521 (cp. Guardians, Ruler);
—the higher or philosophic education, 6. 498, 503 E, 504; 7. 514–537; age at which it should commence, 6. 498; 7. 537; ‘the longer way,’ 6. 504 (cp. 4. 435); ‘the prelude or preamble,’ 7. 532 E.

Education. [Education in the Republic is divided into two parts, (i) the common education of the citizens; (ii) the special education of the rulers. (i) The first, beginning with childhood in the plays of the children [cp. Laws 1. 643 B], is the old Hellenic education, [the καταβεβλημένα παιδεύματα of Aristotle, Pol. viii. 2, § 6], 348—‘music for the mind and gymnastic for the body’ [cp. Laws 7. 795 E]. But Plato soon discovers that both are really intended for the benefit of the soul [cp. Laws 5. 743 D]; and under ‘music’ he includes literature (λόγοι), i.e. humane culture as distinguished from scientific knowledge. Music precedes gymnastic; both are not to be learned together; only the simpler kinds of either are tolerated [cp. Laws Book VII, passim]. Boys and girls share equally in both [cp. Laws 7. 794 D]. The greatest attention must be paid to good surroundings; nothing mean or vile must meet the eye or strike the ear of the young scholar. The fairy tales of childhood and the fictions of the poets are alike placed under censorship [cp. Laws Book X, and see s. v. Poetry]. Gentleness is to be united with manliness; beauty of form and activity of mind are to mingle in perfect and harmonious accord.
—(ii) The special education commences at twenty by the selection of the most promising students. These spend ten years in the acquisition of the higher branches of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, harmony [cp. Laws 7. 817 E], which are not to be pursued in a scientific spirit or for utility only, but rather with a view to their combination by means of dialectic into an ideal of all knowledge (see s. v. Dialectic). At thirty a further selection is made: those selected spend five years in the study of philosophy, are then sent into active life for fifteen years, and finally after fifty return to philosophy, which for the remainder of their days is to form their chief occupation (see s. v. Rulers).]

Egyptians, characterised by love of money, 4. 435 E.

Elder, the, to bear rule in the state, 3. 412 B [cp. Laws 3. 690 A; 4. 714 E]; to be over the younger, 5. 465 A [cp. Laws 4. 721 D; 9. 879 C; 11. 917 A].

Embroidery, art of, 3. 401 A.

Enchantments, used by mendicant prophets, 2. 364 B;
—enchantments, i.e. tests to which the guardians are to be subjected, 3. 413 (cp. 6. 503 A; 7. 539 E).

End, the, and use of the soul, 1. 353:
—ends and excellencies (ἀρεταὶ) of things, ibid.; things distinguished by their ends, 5. 478.

Endurance, must be inculcated on the young, 3. 390 C (cp. 10. 605 E).

Enemies, treatment of, 5. 469.

Enquiry, roused by some objects of sense, 7. 523.

Epeus, soul of, turns into a woman, 10. 620 C.

Epic poetry, a combination of imitation and narration, 3. 394 B, 396 E;
—epic poets, imitators in the highest degree, 10. 602 C.

Er, myth of, 10. 614 B foll.

Eriphyle, 9. 590 A.

Eristic, distinguished from dialectic, 5. 454 A; 6. 499 A; 7. 539 D.

Error, not possible in the skilled person (Thrasymachus), 1. 340 D.

Essence and the good, 6. 509; essence of the invariable, 9. 585;
—essence of things, 6. 507 B; apprehended by the dialectician, 7. 534 B.

Eternity, contrasted with human life, 10. 608 D.

Eumolpus, son of Musaeus, 2. 363 D.

Eunuch, the riddle of the, 5. 479.

Euripides, a great tragedian, 8. 568 A; his maxims about tyrants, ibid.:
—quoted, Troades, l. 1169, ibid. 349

Eurypylus, treatment of the wounded, 3. 405 E, 408 A.

Euthydemus, brother of Polemarchus, 1. 328 B.

Evil, God not the author of, 2. 364, 379, 380 A; 3. 391 E [cp. Laws 2. 672 B]; the destructive element in the soul, 10. 609 foll. (cp. 4. 444):
—justice must exist even among the evil, 1. 351 foll.; their supposed prosperity, 2. 364 [cp. Gorg. 470 foll.; Laws 2. 66 1; 10. 899, 905]; more numerous than the good, 3. 409 D. Cp. Injustice.

Excellence relative to use, 10. 601; excellences (ἀρεταὶ) and ends of things, 1. 353.

Exchange, the art of, necessary in the formation of the state, 2. 369 C.