Ministers of the state must be educated, 7. 519. See Ruler. 362

Miser, the, typical of the oligarchical state, 8. 555 A (cp. 559 D).

Misfortune, to be borne with patience, 3. 387; 10. 603–606.

Models (or types), by which the poets are to be guided in their compositions, 2. 379 A.

Moderation, necessity of, 5. 466 B [cp. Laws 3. 690 E; 5. 732, 736 E].

Momus (god of jealousy), 6. 487 A.

Monarchy, distinguished from aristocracy as that form of the perfect state in which one rules, 4. 445 C (cp. 9. 576 D, and Pol. 301); the happiest form of government, 9. 576 E (cp. 580 C, 587 B).

Money, needed in the state, 2. 371 B [cp. Laws 11. 918]; not necessary in order to carry on war, 4. 423;
—love of, among the Egyptians and Phoenicians, ib. 435 E; characteristic of timocracy and oligarchy, 8. 548 A, 553, 562 A; referred to the appetitive element of the soul, 9. 580 E; despicable, ib. 589 E, 590 C (cp. 3. 390 E).

Money-lending, in oligarchies, 8. 555, 556.

Money-making, art of, in Cephalus’ family, 1. 330 B; evil of, 8. 556; pleasure of, 9. 581 C, 586 E.

Money-qualifications in oligarchies, 8. 550, 551.

Moon, reputed mother of Orpheus, 2. 364 E.

Motherland, a Cretan word, 9. 575 E [cp. Menex. 237].

Mothers in the state, 5. 460.

Motion and rest, 4. 436;
—motion of the stars, 7. 529, 530; 10. 616 E.

Multitude, the, the great Sophist, 6. 492; their madness, ib. 496 C. Cp. Many.

Musaeus, his pictures of a future life, 2. 363 D, E, 364 E.

Muses, the, Musaeus and Orpheus the children of, 2. 364 E.

Music, to be taught before gymnastic, 2. 376 E (cp. 3. 403 C); includes literature (λόγοι), 2. 376 E;
—in education, ib. 377 foll.; 3. 398 foll.; 7. 522 A (see Poetry, Poets, and cp. Protag. 326; Laws 2. 654, 660); complexity in, to be rejected, 3. 397 [cp. Laws 7. 812]; the severe and the vulgar kind, ibid. [cp. Laws 7. 802]; the end of, the love of beauty, ib. 403 C; like gymnastic, should be studied throughout life, ibid.; the simpler kinds of, foster temperance in the soul, ib. 404 A, 410 A; effect of excessive, ib. 410, 411; ancient forms of, not to be altered, 4. 424 [cp. Laws 2. 657; 7. 799, 801]; must be taught to women, 5. 452.

Music. [Music to the ancients had a far wider significance than to us. It was opposed to gymnastic as ‘mental’ to ‘bodily’ training, and included equally reading and writing, mathematics, harmony, poetry, and music strictly speaking: drawing, as Aristotle tells us (Pol. viii. 3, § 1), was sometimes made a separate division.
I. Music (in this wider sense), Plato says, should precede gymnastic; and, according to a remarkable passage in the Protagoras (325 C), the pupils in a Greek school were actually instructed in reading and writing, made to learn poetry by heart, and taught to play on the lyre, before they went to the gymnasium. The ages at which children should commence these various studies are not stated in the Republic; but in the VIIth Book of the Laws, where the subject is treated more in detail, the children begin going to school at ten, and spend three years in learning to read and write, and another three years in music (Laws 7. 810). This agrees very fairly with the selection of the 363 most promising youth at the age of twenty (Rep. 7. 537), as it would allow a corresponding period of three years for gymnastic training.
II. Music, strictly so called, plays a great part in Plato’s scheme of education. He hopes by its aid to make the lives of his youthful scholars harmonious and gracious, and to implant in their souls true conceptions of good and evil. Music is a gift of the Gods to men, and was never intended, ‘as the many foolishly and blasphemously suppose,’ merely to give us an idle pleasure (Tim. 47 E; Laws 2. 654, 658 E; 7. 802 D). Neither should a freeman aim at attaining perfect execution [cp. Arist. Pol. viii. 6, §§ 7, 15]: in the Laws (7. 810) we are told that every one must go through the three years course of music, ‘neither more nor less, whether he like or whether he dislike the study.’ Both instruments and music are to be of a simple character: in the Republic only the lyre, the pipe, and the flute are tolerated, and the Dorian and Phrygian harmonies. No change in the fashions of music is permitted; for where there is licence in music there will be anarchy in the state. In this desire for simplicity and fixity in music Plato was probably opposed to the tendencies of his own age. The severe harmony which had once characterized Hellenic art was passing out of favour: alike in architecture, sculpture, painting, literature, and music, richer and more ornate styles prevailed. We regard the change as inevitable, and not perhaps wholly to be regretted: to Plato it was a cause rather than a sign of the decline of Hellas.]

Musical amateurs, 5. 475;
—education, 2. 377; 3. 398 foll.; 7. 522 A;
—instruments, the more complex kinds of, rejected, 3. 399 [cp. Laws 7. 812 D];
—modes, ib. 397–399; changes in, involve changes in the laws, 4. 424 C.

Mysteries, 2. 365 A, 366 A, 378 A; 8. 560 E.

Mythology, misrepresentations of the gods in, 2. 378 foll.; 3. 388 foll., 408 C (cp. Gods); like poetry, has an imitative character, 3. 392 D foll.

N.

Narration, styles of, 3. 392, 393, 396.

National qualities, 4. 435.

Natural gifts, 2. 370 A; 5. 455; 6. 491 E, 495 A; 7. 519, 535.

Nature, recurrent cycles in, 8. 546 A (cp. Cycles); divisions of, 9. 584 [cp. Phil. 23].

Necessities, the, of life, 2. 368, 373 A.

Necessity, the mother of the Fates, 10. 616, 617, 621 A.

Necessity, the, ‘which lovers know,’ 5. 458 E;
—the ‘necessity of Diomede,’ 6. 493 D.

Nemesis, 5. 451 A.

Niceratus, son of Nicias, 1. 327 C.

Nicias, 1. 327 C.

Nightingale, Thamyras changed into a, 10. 620.

Niobe, sufferings of, in tragic poetry, 2. 380 A.

νόμος, strain and law, 7. 532 E [cp. Laws 7. 800 A].

Not-being, 5. 477.

Novelties in music and gymnastic to be discouraged, 4. 424.

Number, said to have been invented by Palamedes, 7. 522 D;
—the number of the State, 8. 546.

O.

Objects and ideas to be distinguished, 5. 476; 6. 507. 364

Odysseus and Alcinous, 10. 614 B; chooses the lot of a private man, ib. 620 D.

Odyssey, 3. 393 A. Cp. Iliad.

Office, not desired by the good ruler, 7. 520 A.

Old age, complaints against, 1. 329; Sophocles quoted in regard to, ibid.; wealth a comforter of age, ibid.;
—old men think more of the future life, ib. 330; not students, 7. 536 [cp. Laches 189];
—the older to bear rule in the state, 3. 412 [cp. Laws 3. 690 A; 4. 714 E]; to be over the younger, 5. 465 A [cp. Laws 4. 721 D; 9. 879 C; 11. 917 A].

Oligarchy, a form of government which has many evils, 8. 544, 551, 552; origin of, ib. 550; nature of, ibid.; always divided against itself, ib. 551 D, 554 E
—the oligarchical man, 8. 553; a miser, ib. 555; his place in regard to pleasure, 9. 587.

Olympian Zeus, the Saviour, 9. 583 B.

Olympic victors, happiness and glory of, 5. 465 D, 466 A (cp. 10. 618 A).

One, the, study of, draws the mind to the contemplation of true being, 7. 525 A.

Opinion and knowledge, 5. 476–478; 6. 508 D, 510 A; 7. 534; the lovers of opinion, 5. 479, 480; a blind guide, 6. 506; objects of opinion and intellect classified, 7. 534 (cp. 5. 476);
—true opinion and courage, 4. 429, 430 (cp. Courage).

Opposites, qualification of, 4. 436; in nature, 5. 454, 475 E. Cp. Contradiction.

Oppositions in the soul, 10. 603 D.

Orpheus, child of the Moon and the Muses, 2. 364 E; soul of, chooses a swan’s life, 10. 620 A;
—quoted, 2. 364 E.

P.

Paeanian, Charmantides the, 1. 328 B.

Pain, cessation of, causes pleasure, 9. 583 D [cp. Phaedo 60 A; Phil. 51 A]; a motion of the soul, ib. E.

Painters, 10. 596, 597; are imitators, ib. 597 [cp. Soph. 234]; painters and poets, ib. 597, 603, 605:
—‘the painter of constitutions,’ 6. 501.

Painting, in light and shade, 10. 602 C.

Palamedes and Agamemnon in the play, 7. 522 D.

Pamphylia, Ardiaeus a tyrant of some city in, 10. 615 C.

Pandarus, author of the violation of the oaths, 2. 379 E; wounded Menelaus, 3. 408 A.

Panharmonic scale, the, 3. 399.

Panopeus, father of Epeus, 10. 620 B.

Pantomimic representations, not to be allowed, 3. 397.

Paradox about justice and injustice, the, 1. 348.

Parental anxieties, 5. 465 C [cp. Euthyd. 306 E].

Parents, the oldest and most indispensable of friends, 8. 574 C; parents and children in the state, 5. 461.

Part and whole, in regard to the happiness of the state, 4. 420 D; 5. 466; 7. 519 E; in love, 5. 474 C, 475 B; 6. 485 B.

Passionate element of the soul, 4. 440; 6. 504 A; 8. 548 D; 9. 571 E, 580 A. See Spirit.

Passions, the, tyranny of, 1. 329 C; fostered by poetry, 10. 606.

Patient and agent equally qualified, 4. 436 [cp. Gorg. 476; Phil. 27 A].

Patroclus, cruel vengeance taken by Achilles for, 3. 391 B; his treatment of the wounded Eurypylus, ib. 406 A. 365

Pattern, the heavenly, 6. 500 E; 7. 540 A; 9. 592 [cp. Laws 5. 739 D].

Paupers. See Poor.

Payment, art of, 1. 346.

Peirithous, son of Zeus, the tale of, not to be repeated, 3. 391 D.

Peleus, the gentlest of men, 3. 391 C.

Perception, in the eye and in the soul, 6. 508 foll.

Perdiccas [King of Macedonia], 1. 336 A.

Perfect state, difficulty of, 5. 472; 6. 502 E [cp. Laws 4. 711]; possible, 5. 471, 473; 6. 499; 7. 540 [cp. Laws 5. 739]; manner of its decline, 8. 546 [cp. Crit. 120].

Periander, the tyrant, 1. 336 A.

Personalities, avoided by the philosopher, 6. 500 B [cp. Theaet. 174 C].

Personification; the argument compared to a search or chase, 2. 368 C; 4. 427 C, 432; to a stormy sea, 4. 441 B; to an ocean, 5. 453 D; to a game of draughts, 6. 487 B; to a journey, 7. 532 E; to a charm, 10. 608 A;
—‘has travelled a long way,’ 6. 484 A;
—‘veils her face,’ ib. 503 A;
—‘following in the footsteps of the argument,’ 2. 365 C;
—‘whither the argument may blow, thither we go,’ 3. 394 D;
—‘a swarm of words,’ 5. 450 B;
—the three waves, ib. 457 C, 472 A, 473 C.

Persuasion [or Faith], one of the faculties of the soul, 6. 511 D; 7. 533 E.

Philosopher, the, has the quality of gentleness, 2. 375, 376; 3. 410; 6. 486 C; ‘the spectator of all time and all existence,’ 6. 486 A [cp. Theaet. 173 E]; should have a good memory, ib. D, 490 E, 494 A; 7. 535; has his mind fixed upon true being, 6. 484, 485, 486 E, 490, 500 C, 501 D; 7. 521, 537 D; 9. 581, 582 C (cp. 5. 475 E; 7. 520 B, 525, and Phaedo 82; Phaedr. 249; Theaet. 173 E; Soph. 249 D, 254); his qualifications and excellences, 6. 485 foll., 490 D, 491 B, 494 B [cp. Phaedo 68]; corruption of the philosopher, ib. 491 foll.; is apt to retire from the world, ib. 496 [cp. Theaet. 173]; does not delight in personal conversation, ib. 500 B [cp. Theaet. 174 C]; must be an arithmetician, 7. 525 B; pleasures of the philosopher, 9. 581 E:
—Philosophers are to be kings, 5. 473 (cp. 6. 487 E, 498 foll., 501 E foll.; 7. 540; 8. 543; 9. 592); are lovers of all knowledge, 5. 475; 6. 486 A, 490; true and false, 5. 475 foll.; 6. 484, 491, 494, 496 A, 500; 7. 535; to be guardians, 2. 375 (see Guardians); why they are useless, 6. 487 foll.; few in number, ib. E, 496, 499 B, 503 B [cp. Phaedo 69 C]; will frame the state after the heavenly pattern, ib. 501; 7. 540 A; 9. 592; education of, 6. 503; philosophers and poets, 10. 607 [cp. Laws 12. 967].

Philosophic nature, the, rarity of, 6. 491; causes of the ruin of, ibid.

Philosophy, every headache ascribed to, 3. 407 C; = love of real knowledge, 6. 485 (cp. supra 5. 475 E); the corruption of, 6. 491; philosophy and the world, ib. 494; the desolation of, ib. 495; philosophy and the arts, ib. E, 496 C (cp. supra 5. 475 D, 476 A); true and false philosophy, 6. 496 E, 498 E; philosophy and governments, ib. 497; time set apart for, ib. 498; 7. 539; commonly neglected in after life, 6. 498; prejudice against, ib. 500, 501; why it is useless, 7. 517, 535, 539; the guardian and saviour of virtue, 8. 549 B; philosophy and poetry, 10. 607; aids a man to make a wise choice in the next world, ib. 618. 366

Phocylides, his saying, ‘that as soon as a man has a livelihood he should practise virtue,’ 3. 407 B.

Phoenician tale, the, 3. 414 C foll.

Phoenicians, their love of money, 4. 436 A.

Phoenix, tutor of Achilles, 3. 390 E.

Phrygian harmony, the, 3. 399.

Physician, the, not a mere money maker, 1. 341 C, 342 D; the good physician, 3. 408; physicians find employment when luxury increases, 2. 373 C; 3. 405 A. Cp. Medicine.

Pigs, sacrificed at the Mysteries, 2. 378 A.

Pilot, the, and the just man, 1. 332 (cp. 341); the true pilot, 6. 488 E.

Pindar, on the hope of the righteous, 1. 331 A; on Asclepius, 3. 408 B;
—quoted, 2. 365 B.

Pipe, the, (σύριγξ), one of the musical instruments permitted to be used, 3. 399 D.

Piraeus, 1. 327 A; 4. 439 E; Socrates seldom goes there, 1. 328 C.

Pittacus of Mitylene, a sage, 1. 335 E.

Plays of children should be made a means of instruction, 4. 425 A; 7. 537 A [cp. Laws 1. 643 B].

Pleasure, not akin to virtue, 3. 402, 403; pleasure and love, ibid.; defined as knowledge or good, 6. 505 B, 509 B; the highest, 9. 583; caused by the cessation of pain, ib. D [cp. Phaedo 60 A; Phil. 51]; a motion of the soul, ib. E;
—real pleasure unknown to the tyrant, ib. 587;
—pleasure of learning, 6. 486 C (cp. 9. 581, 586, and Laws 2. 667);
—sensual pleasure, 7. 519; 9. 586; a solvent of the soul, 4. 430 A [cp. Laws 1. 633 E]; not desired by the philosopher, 6. 485 E:
—Pleasures, division of, into necessary and unnecessary, 8. 558, 559, 561 A; 9. 572, 581 E; honourable and dishonourable, 8. 561 C; three classes of, 9. 581; criterion of, ib. 582; classification of, ib. 583;
—pleasures of smell, ib. 584 B;
—pleasures of the many, 585; of the passionate, ib. 586; of the philosopher, ib. 586, 587.

Pluto, 8. 554 B.

Poetry, styles of, 3. 392–394, 398; in the state, ib. 392–394, 398; 8. 568 B; 10. 595 foll., 605 A, 607 A [cp. Laws 7. 817]; effect of, 10. 605; feeds the passions, ib. 606; poetry and philosophy, ib. 607 [cp. Laws 12. 967]:
—‘colours’ of poetry, ib. 601 A.

Poetry. [The Republic is the first of Plato’s works in which he seriously examines the value of poetry in education, and the place of the poets in the state. The question could hardly be neglected by the philosopher who proposed to construct an ideal polity or government of the best. For poetry played a great part in Hellenic life: the children learned whole poems by heart in their schools (Protag. 326 A; Laws 7. 810 C); the rhapsode delighted the crowds at the festivals (Ion 535); the theatres were free, or almost free, to all, ‘costing but a drachma at the most’ (Apol. 26 D); the intervals of a banquet were filled up by conversation about the poets (Protag. 347 C). The quarrel between philosophy and poetry was an ancient one, which had found its first expression in the attacks of Xenophanes (538 B.C.) and Heracleitus (508 B.C.) upon the popular mythology. In the earlier dialogues of Plato the poets are treated with an ironical courtesy, through which an antagonistic spirit is allowed here and there to appear: they are ‘winged and holy beings’ (Ion 534) who sing by inspiration, 367 but at the same time are the worst possible critics of their own writings and the most self-conceited of mortals (Apol. 22 D). In the Republic (II and III), Plato begins the trial of poetry by the enquiry whether the tales and legends related by the epic and tragic poets are true in themselves or likely to furnish good examples to his future citizens. They cannot be true, for they are contrary to the nature of God (see s. v. God), and they are certainly not proper lessons for youth. There must be a censorship of poetry, and all objectionable passages expunged; suitable rules and regulations will be laid down, and to these the poets must conform. In the Xth Book the argument takes a deeper tone. The Poet is proved to be an impostor thrice removed from the truth, a wizard who steals the hearts of the unwary by his spells and enchantments. Men easily fall into the habit of imitating what they admire; and the lamentations and woes of the tragic hero and the unseemly buffoonery of the comedian are equally bad models for the citizens of a free and noble state. The poets must therefore be banished, unless, Plato adds, the lovers of poetry can persuade us of her innocence of the charges laid against her. In the Laws a similar conclusion is reached:—‘The state is an imitation of the best life, and the noblest form of tragedy. The legislator and the poet are rivals, and the latter can only be tolerated if his words are in harmony with the laws of the state’ (vii. 817)].

Poets, the, love their poems as their own creation, 1. 330 C [cp. Symp. 209]; speak in parables, ib. 332 B (cp. 3. 413 B); on justice, 2. 363, 364, 365 E; bad teachers of youth, ib. 377; 3. 391, 392, 408 C [cp. Laws 10. 866 C, 890 A]; must be restrained by certain rules, 2. 379 foll.; 3. 398 A [cp. Laws 2. 656, 660 A; 4. 719]; banished from the state, 3. 398 A; 8. 568 B; 10. 595 foll., 605 A, 607 A [cp. Laws 7. 817]; poets and tyrants, 8. 568; thrice removed from the truth, 10. 596, 597, 598 E, 602 B, 605 C; imitators only, ib. 600, 601 (cp. 3. 393, and Laws 4. 719 C); poets and painters, 10. 601, 603, 605;
—‘the poets who were children and prophets of the gods’ (? Orpheus and Musaeus; cp. supra 364 E), 2. 366 A.

Polemarchus, the son of Cephalus, 1. 327 B; ‘the heir of the argument,’ ib. 331; intervenes in the discussion, ib. 340; wishes Socrates to speak in detail about the community of women and children, 5. 449.

Politicians, in democracies, 8. 564.

Polydamas, the pancratiast, 1. 338 C.

Poor, the, have no time to be ill, 3. 406 E; everywhere hostile to the rich, 4. 423 A; 8. 551 E [cp. Laws 5. 736 A]; very numerous in oligarchies, 8. 552 D; not despised by the rich in time of danger, ib. 556 C.

Population, to be regulated, 5. 460.

Poverty, prejudicial to the arts, 4. 421; poverty and crime, 8. 552.

Power, the struggle for, 7. 520 C [cp. Laws 4. 715 A].

Pramnian wine, 3. 405 E, 408 A.

Priam, Homer’s delineation of, condemned, 3. 388 B.

Prisoners in war, 5. 468–470.

Private property, not allowed to the guardians, 3. 416 E; 4. 420 A, 422 D; 5. 464 C; 8. 543.

Prizes of valour, 5. 468.

Prodicus, a popular teacher, 10. 600 C. 368

Property, to be common, 3. 416 E; 4. 420 A, 422 D; 5. 464 C; 8. 543; restrictions on the disposition of, 8. 556 A [cp. Laws 11. 923]:
—property qualifications in oligarchies, ib. 550, 551.

Prophets, mendicant, 2. 364 C.

Proportion, akin to truth, 6. 486 E.

Prose writers on justice, 2. 364 A.

Protagoras, his popularity as a teacher, 10. 600 C.

Proteus, not to be slandered, 2. 381 D.

Proverbs: ‘birds of a feather,’ 1. 329 A; ‘shave a lion,’ ib. 341 C; ‘let brother help brother,’ 2. 362 D; ‘wolf and flock,’ 3. 415 D; ‘one great thing,’4. 423 E; ‘hard is the good,’ ib. 435 C; ‘friends have all things in common,’ 5. 449 C; ‘the useful is the noble,’ ib. 457 B; ‘the wise must go to the doors of the rich,’ 6. 489 B (cp. 2. 364 B); ‘what is more than human,’ 6. 492 E; ‘the necessity of Diomede,’ ib. 493 D; ‘the she-dog as good as her mistress,’ 8. 563 D; ‘out of the smoke into the fire,’ ib. 569 B; ‘does not come within a thousand miles’ (οὐδ’ ἴκταρ βάλλει), 9. 575 D.